Raw data from the manuscript 'Morning exercise and pre-breakfast metformin interact to reduce glycaemia in people with Type 2 Diabetes: a randomized crossover trial' Pena Carrillo et al. 2023

In this study, nine male and nine females with type 2 diabetes undergoing metformin monotherapy (age 61±2 year, mean±SEM) completed a 16-week crossover trial including 2-week baseline recording, six weeks randomly assigned to a morning exercise (7-10am) or evening exercise (4-7pm), and a two-week wash-out period. Exercise arms consisted of 30 minutes of walking at 70% of estimated max-HR every other day. Glucose levels were measured with continuous glucose monitors and activity measured by wrist-worn monitors. Food-intake was recorded by 4-day food diaries during baseline, first and last 2 weeks of each exercise arm.There was no difference in exercise intensity, total caloric intake, or total physical activity between morning and evening arms. Acute glucose area under the curve, was lower (<i>p</i>=0.02) after acute morning exercise (180.6±16.1 mmol/L) compared to baseline (210.3±18.0 mmol/L). Acute AUC glucose was significantly lower (<i>p</i>=0.01) in participants taking metformin before breakfast (152.5±10.59 mmol/L) compared with participants taking metformin after breakfast (227.2±27.51 mmol/L) only during the morning exercise arm. During weeks 5-6 of the exercise protocol, AUC glucose was significantly lower (p=0.04) for participants taking metformin before breakfast (168.8±5.6), rather than after breakfast (224.5±21.2) only during morning exercise.