Spatio-Temporal Data for Modeling the Settlement Organisation and Cultural Change of the Otomani-Füzesabony Cultural Complex in Slovakia

The Otomani-Füzesabony Cultural Complex (OFCC) spanned a vast territory of the Eastern Carpathian Basin. Several previous studies indicated its complicated and unclear chronological relationships with certain pottery styles. The regional variation of the OFCC is based on differences in material culture, burial customs and complex landscape organisation of settlements. Therefore in this study, we used spatio-temporal modelling techniques to analyse the OFCC settlement structure and rate of cultural change with an emphasis on several macroregions in Eastern Slovakia. A quantitative statistical approach (spatio-temporal modelling, Kruskal-Wallis test, principal component analysis) was used to combine a broad range of archaeological and palaeoecological evidence in the space-time continuum.
In order to capture regional variability, within the relative chronological dating, Reinecke’s periodisation scheme was used instead of individual internal chronological systems of the OFCC. Information about sites (location, dating and type) was gathered from the literature, excavation and survey reports, as well as using existing databases (Tóth 2014; Oravkinová 2018). The database was managed in LibreOffice Calc, with the component as the central registration unit. Absolute chronology of individual Reinecke’s stages (used for spatio-temporal modelling) was adapted based on existing literature. Spatio-temporal modelling was performed on all sites using LibreOffice Calc, showing a gradual transformation of relative-chronological data into a timescale (Crema 2012; Kolář et al. 2015). Taking into account the duration of the OFCC pottery style, the data was modelled within 200 years’ timescale. Environmental analyses (altitude, soil types, cost distance to water and sources of copper, tin and gold) were analysed using QGIS software; values were extracted using ‘Point Sampling Tool’. Secondary information layers (cost distance to water and metal sources) were derived from the digital elevation model with the resolution 30x30 m (Tóth 2014: 106–108). The fertility of soils has been based on the most recent research (Lieskovský et al. 2015: table 4.2). We analysed the components with a clearly defined sitting within the surrounding landscape. During statistical tests, regional characteristics were taken into account.
The results illustrate clearly the dynamic relationship between OFCC sites and the surrounding landscape across centuries. Isolated micro-regional communities had functioned independently, however concurrently they were collectivised within an extensive supra-regional and trans-tribal networks of connections sprawling far beyond the scope of any individual community. Gathered evidence suggests that access to water passes and proximity of metal ores were the key elements in structuring the OFCC settlement hierarchies and landscape transformations in the Bronze Age Slovakia.

奥托马尼-傅谢索尼文化复合体（OFCC）横跨东喀尔巴阡盆地广阔的疆域。数项先前研究指出，该复合体与某些陶器风格之间的历史关系复杂且不甚明了。OFCC的区域差异基于物质文化、埋葬习俗以及定居点复杂的地形组织。因此，在本研究中，我们采用了时空建模技术来分析OFCC的定居结构和文化变迁速率，重点关注东斯洛伐克的几个大区域。本研究采用了定量统计分析方法（时空建模、克鲁斯卡尔-沃利斯检验、主成分分析），将广泛的考古学和古生态学证据在时空连续体中综合分析。为了捕捉区域差异性，在相对年代学中，采用了莱因克期的分期方案，而非OFCC内部的个别内部年代系统。关于遗址（位置、年代和类型）的信息，来自于文献、挖掘和调查报告，以及现有数据库（托斯2014；奥拉夫金诺娃2018）。数据库以组件作为中央登记单元，在LibreOffice Calc中进行管理。根据现有文献，对莱因克期各阶段（用于时空建模）的绝对年代进行了调整。对所有遗址进行了时空建模，使用LibreOffice Calc将相对年代数据逐渐转化为时间尺度（克雷马2012；科拉尔等2015）。考虑到OFCC陶器风格的持续时间，数据在200年的时间尺度内进行建模。使用QGIS软件分析了环境因素（海拔、土壤类型、至水源的成本距离以及铜、锡和金的来源）；值通过‘点采样工具’提取。从30x30米的数字高程模型中衍生出次级信息层（至水源和金属来源的成本距离）（托斯2014：106–108）。土壤肥力基于最新的研究成果（利斯科夫斯基等2015：表4.2）。我们分析了在周围景观中有明确定位的组成部分。在统计检验中，考虑了区域特征。结果清晰地展示了OFCC遗址与周围景观在数个世纪间的动态关系。孤立的小区域社区独立运作，然而，它们同时被纳入了一个广泛的超区域和跨部落联系网络之中，这一网络远远超出了任何单个社区的范围。收集到的证据表明，水源通道的可达性和金属矿石的邻近性是结构化青铜时代斯洛伐克OFCC定居等级和景观变迁的关键因素。