Critical Thinking and Logical Thinking

The CCTST and the TOLT were administered during the middle of the first semester of the academic year. Prior to participation, all students were informed about the objectives of the study and the confidentiality procedures, and written informed consent was obtained.
The responses were computer scored and entered into SPSS version 25 before being exported to AMOS version 22 for further analysis, following the scoring procedures described in the test manuals. The total score for the CCTST ranged from 0 to 22, while the TOLT total score ranged from 0 to 8. Based on the scoring guidelines provided in the manuals, each correct response was awarded one point, and subscale scores were calculated by summing the relevant item scores.