Table_1_The Newly Developed Elderly Nutrient-Rich Food Score Is a Useful Tool to Assess Nutrient Density in European Older Adults.docx

Objective: To develop a nutrient-rich food (NRF) score that captures dietary reference values for older adults and to validate this against a diet index that was specifically designed to assess adherence to dietary guidelines for the older population.Design: A cross-sectional study within the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey (DNFCS, n = 735 men and women aged 70–94 years, enrolled between October 2010 and February 2012) and within the NU-AGE study (n = 250 men and women aged 65–79 years, enrolled between April 2012 and March 2013). Dietary intake was assessed by means of two non-consecutive dietary record assisted 24-h recalls and 7-day food records, respectively. Structured questionnaires collected data on lifestyle and socio-economic information. Anthropometrics were measured by trained dieticians or research assistants. We evaluated Elderly NRF (E-NRF) scores against the NU-AGE index, a measure of adherence to European dietary guidelines for the aging population. The E-NRF scores were composed of nutrients that: (1) have been shown to be of inadequate intake in the aging population (>20%), (2) were defined as nutrients of public health relevance, and (3) were associated with relevant health outcomes.Results: The E-NRF score that best predicted the NU-AGE index included seven nutrients to encourage (protein, dietary fiber, folate, vitamin D, calcium, magnesium, potassium) and three nutrients to limit (saturated fat, sodium and mono- and disaccharides) on a 100-kcal basis, the E-NRF7.3 score (model R2 0.27 in DNFCS and 0.41 in NU-AGE). Food groups contributing the most to the individual E-NRF7.3 scores were vegetables, bread, potatoes and milk and milk products.Conclusion: The E-NRF7.3 score is a useful tool for assessing nutrient density of diets within the older population. No index has previously been developed with the aim of evaluating nutrient density of diets and foods specifically capturing dietary reference values for older adults.

研究目标：旨在开发一种富含营养素的食物（NRF）评分系统，以捕捉老年人的膳食参考值，并验证该系统与专为评估老年人膳食指南遵从度而设计的膳食指数的一致性。研究设计：一项在荷兰国家食物消费调查（DNFCS，包括735名70至94岁的男性和女性，于2010年10月至2012年2月期间招募）和NU-AGE研究（包括250名65至79岁的男性和女性，于2012年4月至2013年3月期间招募）内的横断面研究。膳食摄入量通过两种非连续性的膳食记录辅助24小时回顾和7日食物记录进行评估。通过结构化问卷收集生活方式和社会经济信息。人体测量学指标由经过培训的营养师或研究助理进行测量。我们将老年人NRF（E-NRF）评分与NU-AGE指数进行评估，NU-AGE指数是衡量老年人遵从欧洲膳食指南的指标。E-NRF评分由以下营养素组成：（1）已在老年人群体中显示出摄入不足（>20%），（2）被定义为公共卫生相关的营养素，以及（3）与相关的健康结果相关联。（结果）最佳预测NU-AGE指数的E-NRF评分包括七种鼓励摄入的营养素（蛋白质、膳食纤维、叶酸、维生素D、钙、镁、钾）和三种限制摄入的营养素（饱和脂肪、钠以及单糖和双糖），基于每100千卡热量计算的E-NRF7.3评分（在DNFCS中的模型R²为0.27，在NU-AGE中的模型R²为0.41）。对个人E-NRF7.3评分贡献最大的食物类别为蔬菜、面包、土豆和奶制品。（结论）E-NRF7.3评分是评估老年人膳食营养密度的一种有用工具。迄今为止，尚未开发出旨在评估膳食和食物营养密度的指数，特别是专门捕捉老年人膳食参考值的指数。