Summary of FEA (n = 264 analyses).

BF: bite force (in Newtons), SE: strain energy (in Joules). Lores, Medres, and Hires models correspond roughly to 500k, 1,000k, and 1,500k tetrahedral elements, respectively. Canis lupus input force: 2509.99 N, volume: 207926 mm3, specimen LACM(M)23010. Herpestes javanicus input force: 262.21 N, volume: 10224 mm3, specimen AMNH(M)101655. Mephitis mephitis input force: 217.42 N, volume: 8856 mm3, specimen AMNH(M)172133. Oodectes herpestoides input force: 262.08 N, volume: 7947 mm3, specimen AMNH140008. Panthera pardus input force: 2168.94 N, volume: 40912 6mm3, specimen AMNH(M)113745. Procyon lotor input force: 650.91 N, Volume: 37352 mm3, specimen AMNH(M)24815. Thinocyon velox input force: 261.51 N, Volume: 11658 mm3, specimen FMNH PM60215. Seven bite positions were simulated for all species except for two species that have lower tooth counts: Mephitis mephitis (5 bite positions) and Panthera pardus (4 bite position). Institutional abbreviations: AMNH, American Museum of Natural History; FMNH, Field Museum of Natural History; LACM, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County; M, Mammalogy collection. Summary of FEA (n = 264 analyses).