Unannotated noncoding transcripts as a source of intratumor heterogeneity in malignant cell states

Phenotypic diversity of malignant cells within a tumor underlies intratumor heterogeneity (ITH), a key determinant of cancer metastasis and treatment failure. However, the molecular mechanisms driving this heterogeneity are poorly understood. Here, we curated and analyzed a cohort of 3′ tag-based single-cell RNA-seq covering 12 common cancer types. We identified thousands of poly(A) site (PAS) peaks representing the 3′ ends of previously unannotated transcripts, whose expression is widely associated with diverse malignant cellular states. By integrating multi-omics data, we characterized the expression patterns and epigenetic landscape of these unannotated PAS peak-associated transcripts (UPTs). The expression heterogeneity of UPTs was supported by multi-region sampling bulk RNA-seq data and recapitulated within cancer cell lines. As proof of principle validation, functional experiments confirmed that two noncoding UPTs promoted the proliferation and migration of lung cancer cells. Our results suggest that epigenetic activation of unannotated noncoding transcripts might represent a previously unrecognized mechanism contributing to transcriptomic ITH.