Diapause is not selected as a bet-hedging strategy in insects: a meta-analysis of reaction norm shapes

Many organisms escape from lethal climatological conditions by entering a
resistant resting stage called diapause, and it is essential that this
strategy remains optimally timed with seasonal change. Climate change
therefore exerts selection pressure on phenology, which is expected to
cause the evolution of mean diapause timing, but also phenotypic
plasticity and bet-hedging strategies. Especially the latter as a strategy
to cope with unpredictability is so far little considered in the context
of climate change, and it is unknown whether it can readily evolve.
Contemporary patterns of phenological strategies across a geographic range
may provide information about their evolvability. We thus extracted 458
diapause reaction norms from 60 studies. First, we correlated mean
diapause timing with mean winter onset. Then we partitioned the reaction
norm variance into a temporal component (phenotypic plasticity) and
among-offspring variance (diversified bet-hedging) and correlated this
variance composition with predictability of winter onset. Contrary to our
expectation, mean diapause timing correlated only weakly with mean winter
onset, as populations at high latitudes failed to track early onsets.
Variance among offspring was also limited and correlated only weakly with
environmental predictability, indicating little scope for bet-hedging. We
conclude that constraints may limit the evolution of phenology in a
rapidly changing climate.