Taxonomic review of the Asian Horned Frogs (Amphibia: <i>Megophrys</i> Kuhl &amp; Van Hasselt) of Northeast India and Bangladesh previously misidentified as <i>M. parva</i> (Boulenger), with descriptions of three new species

is currently considered to be among the most widely dispersed species within the genus, however, recent studies have provided compelling evidence that this species represents a complex of morphologically similar, deeply divergent taxa. The focus of this paper is to take a closer look at species from Northeast India (NEI) and Bangladesh that are currently, or were until recently, considered to represent <i>M. parva</i>, now comprising the <i>M</i>. (<i>Xenophrys</i>) <i>megacephala</i> species group. We investigate their troublesome taxonomic histories, identify hidden cryptic species diversity using morphological and molecular data, and resolve many of the historical misidentifications that have led to a proliferation of taxonomic confusion in this group. Molecular analyses extend the geographic distribution of the <i>M</i>. (<i>X</i>.) <i>megacephala</i> species group east into northern Myanmar based on available sequence data. A detailed redescription of the paralectotypes of <i>M. parva</i> is provided to better define this poorly known species. The geographic distributions of the taxonomically obscure species, <i>M. serchhipii</i> and <i>M. zunhebotoensis</i>, are extended far beyond their respective type localities, and both are considerably better defined taxonomically based on detailed descriptions of referred specimens, and comparison with relevant congeners. Significant geographic range extensions are also provided for the recently described species <i>M. oropedion</i> and <i>M. megacephala</i>. Three new species from the Indian states of Nagaland and Manipur are identified using a combination of morphological characters, supported by significant genetic divergence. Examination of historical specimen collections and scrutiny of published literature provide sufficient evidence to remove <i>M. parva</i> and <i>M. wuliangshanensis</i> from the checklist of Indian species. Previous records of <i>M. parva</i> from Bangladesh are demonstrated to represent <i>M. serchhipii</i>. Recent reports of <i>M. glandulosa</i> and <i>M. robusta</i> from Meghalaya are also revised and are considered to be based on misidentifications of known species from the state. The revised distributions of NEI’s small-sized horned frogs provide insights into the biogeography of the group. One of the newly described species known only from the high-elevation Dzükou Valley, Nagaland, might require immediate conservation action due to increased tourist activity at its type locality. http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:CE06A188-88E4-44CD-86A4-A62DD902B0A5