Effects of Bioinoculants and extracts from organic amendments on soil health, using nematodes as bioindicators. Nematode metabarcoding of apple orchards

Soil supports a diverse community composed of microorganisms, animals, and plants. Key constituents of the soil food web like bacteria, fungi, and nematodes are critical in providing the much-needed ecosystem services and in shaping the aboveground biodiversity. Enormous evidence has revealed the influence of crop management practice on soil community differences; however, studies related to change in soil community structure in response to soil organic and biological agent amendments are still limited; especially on the recently developed bioproducts. Here, the nematode metabarcoding approach was employed to study the effects of microbial inoculants and organic amendments on soil nematode assemblage of two apple orchards under different management systems, both during the spring and autumn seasons.