Breaking down the components of the competition-colonization trade-off: new insights into its role in diverse systems

1. Performance trade-offs between competition and colonization can be an important mechanism facilitating regional coexistence of competitors. However, empirical evidence for this trade-off is mixed, raising questions about the extent to which it shapes diverse ecological communities. Here we outline a framework that can be used to improve empirical tests of the competition-colonization trade-off. 2. We argue that tests of the competition-colonization trade-off have been diverted into unproductive paths when dispersal mode and/or competition type have been inadequately defined. To generate comparative predictions of associations between dispersal and competitive performance, we develop a conceptual trait-based framework that clarifies how dispersal mode and type of competitor shape this trade-off at the stage of dispersal and establishment in a variety of systems. Our framework suggests that competition-colonization trade-offs may be less common for passively dispersing organisms when c...