Results of the generalised estimating equations showing differences in responses towards artificial calls with PPD characteristics of neighbour and stranger males.

The models included treatment (neighbour vs. stranger) and playback order (neighbour first vs. stranger first) as independent variables. Dependent variables were expressed on a binomial scale (values of 0 or 1): a value of 1 indicated that the bird attacked the speaker more frequently, got within 5 m of the speaker more quickly, or spent more time within 5 m of the speaker. The Wald statistics and P-values are given. OIC – the quasi-likelihood under independence model criterion; QICC – the corrected quasi-likelihood under independence model criterion.