Living Standards Survey 1997-1998 - Viet Nam

Abstract
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The first Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS) was conducted in 1992-93 by the State Planning Committee (SPC) (now Ministry of Planning and Investment) along with the General Statistical Office (GSO). The second VLSS was conducted by the GSO in 1997-98. Both VLSS surveys were funded by UNDP and Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA). The survey was part of the Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) household surveys conducted in a number of developing countries with technical assistance from the World Bank.

The second VLSS was designed to provide an up-to-date source of data on households to be used in policy design, monitoring of living standards and evaluation of policies and programs. The timing of the second VLSS approximately five years after the first allows analysis of medium term trends in living standards as a large part of the questionnaire is the same in both surveys.

In addition to the purpose of obtaining a comprehensive and comparable data set to the 1992-93 VLSS for policy analysis, the survey also served as a medium for training and improving survey methods and analysis within the General Statistical Office of Vietnam (GSO), the agency in charge of designing and implementing the second round of the VLSS as well as other government agencies involved in social statistics.

Geographic coverage
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National

Analysis unit
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- Households
- Individuals
- Community
- Schools
- Health Centers

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The survey sample was selected to be representative for the whole country, taking into account available funding, geographical conditions, organizational capacity and staff competence. The sample size was set at 6000 households selected from provinces and cities throughout the country, but excluding islands due to logistical difficulties in traveling and conducting the survey in those locations.

The sample for the 1997-1998 VLSS was primarily selected from the households selected in the original 150 communes/wards of the 1992-1993 VLSS. The sample was increased by 1200 households with these additional households obtained from the sample of the Multi-purpose Household survey (MPHS) which was based on a similar sampling methodology. Replacement households were selected randomly from within the clusters of the survey and used where necessary.

The selection of the original sample of 4800 households from VLSS 1992-1993 followed a method of stratified random cluster sampling. The basic sample frame was obtained from the 1989 Population Census. The sampling procedures took into account that communes or wards are the basic local level administrative unit, and each commune/ward has a number of villages or urban residential blocks. The number of households selected in a given cluster was determined primarily based on the requirements for organization of interview teams and time needed for each household interview on location.

Based on the sampling frame including two lists, list of communes and list of wards (or equivalent administrative units) throughout the country with the number of households in each commune/ward obtained from the 1989 Population Census, the sample of the 1992-1993 VLSS was selected in three steps, independently for urban and rural areas:

Step 1: Random selection of 120 communes and 30 wards throughout the country based on the method of probability proportional to the number of households in those villages or wards. The selection of primary sampling units (communes) was stratified by urban and rural areas based on the results of the 1989 Census that 80% of the population was living in rural areas and 20% in urban areas.

Step 2: Within each selected commune, two villages or urban residential blocks were selected randomly by the method of probability proportional to the number of households as in the first stage of sampling. Thus, 240 villages and 60 residential blocks were selected.

Step 3: Within each selected village or residential block, 20 households were randomly selected by systematic method with equal probability, including 16 official and 4 alternate households.
To eliminate the effect of the seasonal differences, the rotation method of sample was adopted: the 6000 surveyed households were divided into 10 sub-samples and each sub-sample was surveyed for one month.

Sampling procedure is explained in details in the document called "Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997-98", available in this documentation.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The second round of the VLSS used 5 questionnaires: household, commune, price, school and clinic.
- Household Questionnaire: The household questionnaire contains 15 sections each of which covered a separate aspect of household activity.

- Commune/Ward Questionnaire: A completely new commune questionnaire was developed for the 1997-98 VLSS survey with a greatly expanded content. A few questions in the 1992-93 questionnaire were dropped or moved to other questionnaires (see below). The commune questionnaire was administered by the team supervisor and completed with the help of village chiefs, teachers, government officials and health care workers. The questionnaire was administered only in rural and minor urban areas, i.e. communes 37 to 194, corresponding to villages 73 to 388. Some sections of the questionnaire contain village/block level information, while most of the commune questionnaire refers to the commune. The commune questionnaire contains 10 sections.

- Price Questionnaire: Price data were collected in all clusters, both urban and rural by the anthropometrist for 36 food items, 33 non-food items, 6 services, 10 pharmaceutical products, and 7 agricultural inputs. Three separate observations were made and these did not necessarily involve actual purchase. However, it is possible that as the anthropometrist is not a local person, the prices quoted are not the true prices of the locality. This information was utilized in checking unit prices in the consumption modules, and for calculating poverty lines. Price indices utilized for adjusting monetary figures to real values were obtained from the GSO CPI unit. Details on how and where prices were to be collected can be found in the anthropometry manual. The actual locations of price collection were recorded in the questionnaires, but unfortunately not entered in the computer files.

- School Questionnaire: The school questionnaires were implemented by the team supervisor to all schools within the two villages selected within a commune. There are between 1 and 7 school questionnaires filled in per commune.

- Commune Health Station Questionnaire: The commune health station questionnaire was implemented by the team supervisor. The respondent could be the director, doctor or physician’s assistant of the health station.

Response rate
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Response rates are shown in details in the document called "Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997-98 Basic Information", available in this documentation.

摘要
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首次越南生活水平调查（VLSS）于1992-93年由国家计划委员会（SPC）（现更名为计划与投资部）联合国家统计局（GSO）实施。第二次VLSS于1997-98年由GSO进行。这两次VLSS调查均由联合国开发计划署（UNDP）和瑞典国际发展署（SIDA）资助。该调查是作为在多个发展中国家进行的“生活水平测量研究”（LSMS）家庭调查的一部分，并得到了世界银行的技术援助。
第二次VLSS旨在提供最新数据来源，以用于政策制定、生活水平监测以及政策与项目评估。第二次VLSS在首次VLSS之后大约五年进行，使得分析中等时期生活水平趋势成为可能，因为问卷的大部分内容在两次调查中是相同的。
除了获取与1992-93 VLSS可比的全面数据集以供政策分析之外，该调查还作为培训和提高越南国家统计局（GSO）内部调查方法和分析的媒介，GSO负责设计和实施VLSS的第二轮调查，以及其他参与社会统计的政府机构。
地理覆盖范围
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全国
分析单位
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- 家庭
- 个人
- 社区
- 学校
- 医疗中心
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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调查样本被选为代表整个国家，考虑到可用的资金、地理条件、组织能力和人员能力。样本量定为6000户，从全国各省份和城市中选出，但由于在这些地点旅行和进行调查的物流困难，排除了岛屿。
1997-1998 VLSS的样本主要来自1992-1993 VLSS原选的150个乡/街道。样本增加了1200户，这些额外的家庭来自基于类似抽样方法的多种用途家庭调查（MPHS）的样本。在需要时，从调查的集群中选择随机替换家庭。
1992-1993 VLSS原始样本的4800户采用了分层随机聚类抽样的方法。基本样本框架来自1989年人口普查。抽样程序考虑到乡或街道是基本的地方行政单位，每个乡或街道都有若干个村庄或城市住宅区。在一个给定集群中选出的家庭数量主要基于组织访谈团队的要求和在地点对每个家庭进行访谈所需的时间。
基于包括两个清单的抽样框架，即全国各乡和街道的清单（或等效行政单位），以及从1989年人口普查中获得每个乡/街道家庭数量的清单，1992-1993 VLSS的样本在三个步骤中独立选出，分别针对城市和农村地区：
步骤1：根据村庄或街道中家庭数量的概率比例，随机选择全国范围内的120个乡和30个街道。根据1989年普查结果，80%的人口居住在农村地区，20%居住在城市地区，对初级抽样单位（乡）的选取进行了分层。
步骤2：在选定的每个乡内，根据与步骤1中相同的概率比例随机选择两个村庄或城市住宅区。
步骤3：在每个选定的村庄或住宅区内，通过系统方法以相等的概率随机选择20户家庭，包括16户正式家庭和4户备选家庭。
为了消除季节性差异的影响，采用了样本轮换方法：将6000个被调查家庭分为10个子样本，每个子样本调查一个月。
抽样程序在名为“越南生活水平调查（VLSS），1997-98”的文件中有详细的解释。
数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
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第二次VLSS使用了5份问卷：家庭问卷、乡问卷、价格问卷、学校问卷和诊所问卷。
- 家庭问卷：家庭问卷包含15个部分，每个部分涵盖家庭活动的不同方面。
- 乡/街道问卷：为1997-98 VLSS调查开发了一份全新的乡问卷，内容大幅扩展。1992-93问卷中的几个问题被删除或转移到其他问卷中（见下文）。乡问卷由团队负责人执行，并在村长、教师、政府官员和医疗保健工作者的帮助下完成。问卷仅在乡村和较小城市地区（即乡37至194，对应村庄73至388）执行。问卷的一些部分包含村庄/街区级别的信息，而大多数乡问卷则涉及乡。乡问卷包含10个部分。
- 价格问卷：价格数据由营养师在城市和农村的所有集群中收集，包括36种食品、33种非食品、6项服务和10种药品，以及7种农业投入品。进行了三次独立的观察，但这些观察并不一定涉及实际购买。然而，由于营养师不是当地人，因此提供的价格可能不是当地的真实价格。这些信息被用于检查消费模块中的单价，以及计算贫困线。用于调整货币数值到实际价值的物价指数从国家统计局的消费者价格指数单位获得。有关如何以及在哪里收集价格的信息可以在人体测量手册中找到。实际的价格收集地点在问卷中记录，但遗憾的是没有输入到计算机文件中。
- 学校问卷：学校问卷由团队负责人在乡内选定的两个村庄内的所有学校中实施。每个乡可能有1至7份学校问卷。
- 乡卫生站问卷：乡卫生站问卷由团队负责人实施。受访者可能是卫生站的主任、医生或助理医生。
响应率
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响应率在名为“越南生活水平调查（VLSS），1997-98基本信息”的文件中有详细说明。