Fasting induced changes in gene expression profiles of C. elegans

Many species undergo sexual reproduction to distribute the parental genomes and increase the genomic diversity of the progeny. Among such species, sexual dimorphism is often displayed through morphology, size, behavior, and life-span, depending on the survival and reproduction strategies of the species. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has two sexes, hermaphrodite and male, and only the hermaphrodites, which produce both oocytes and sperm, are essential for the perpetuation of the species. In this study, we found that dietary restriction, which is the most reproducible way to retard aging in many species, extends the life-span of C. elegans hermaphrodites but not that of males. Our analysis revealed that fasting induces male-enriched genes in hermaphrodites and that the sex determination pathway affects life-span regulation, even after the completion of development, and is regulated by food availability. Furthermore, fasting activates the entire X-chromosome only in hermaphrodites. Our tiling array analysis identified a fasting-inducible, X-linked non-coding RNA for which expression positively correlated with the activation level of the X-chromosome and longevity. These links between the sex determination mechanism and dietary restriction at multiple levels may give priority to the survival of hermaphrodites during food shortages in C. elegans. In a experiment, 4 samples (hermaphrodite-fed, hermaphrodite-fasting, male-fed, and male-fasting) were analyzed. Three independent experiments were performed.