Prevalence and factors associated with prediabetes and diabetes in fishing communities in Penang, Malaysia: a cross-sectional study

Background Diabetes is a metabolic disorder, characterized by
hyperglycemic state of the body. A silent killer, which can take the lives
of victims if undiagnosed at the earliest stage. Prediabetes has become an
important health concern across countries due to its huge potential for
the development of diabetes and other complications. The objectives of
this study were to determine the prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes
and its associated factors among rural fishing communities in Penang,
Malaysia.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among fishing
communities in Southwest District of Penang, Malaysia from August to
November 2017. Blood sample (finger prick test) and physical examination
were performed on sample of 168 participants consented in this study.
Pre-validated Malay versions of International Physical Activity 7 (IPAQ-7)
and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) questionnaires were used to assess the
level of physical activity and stress levels of the participants.
Multinomial logistic regression models were fitted to identify factors
associated with prediabetes and diabetes.Results The prevalence of
diabetes and prediabetes were 19.6% (95% CI: 14.3, 26.4) and 10.12% (95%
CI: 6.4, 15.7)  respectively. The median physical activity
(interquartile range) in MET-minutes per week for those with diabetes
(1071.0 (2120.0)) and prediabetes (1314.0 (1710.0)) was generally lower as
compared to non-diabetes. Majority reported moderate stress (57.3%) from
PSS system. Abdominal obesity, family history of diabetes and being
hypertensive were significant factors associated with diabetes; while
older age, bigger waist circumference and self-perceived  poor
routine diet were  factors associated with
prediabetes.Conclusions The screening for prediabetes in this population
gives the opportunity to implement lifestyle interventions at the earliest
possible, which could prevent the development of diabetes. The
identification of diabetic individuals provides an opportunity to conduct
health promotion and education to ensure good metabolic control and hence
reduce the risks of complications.