Channel-mediated high-affinity K(+) uptake into guard cells from Arabidopsis

Potassium uptake by higher plants is the result of high- or low-affinity transport accomplished by different sets of transporters. Although K(+) channels were thought to mediate low-affinity uptake only, the molecular mechanism of the high-affinity, proton-dependent K(+) uptake system is still scant. Taking advantage of the high-current resolution of the patch-clamp technique when applied to the small Arabidopsis thaliana guard cells densely packed with voltage-dependent K(+) channels, we could directly record channels working in the concentration range of high-affinity K(+) uptake systems. Here we show that the K(+) channel KAT1 expressed in Arabidopsis guard cells and yeast is capable of mediating potassium uptake from media containing as little as 10 μM of external K(+). Upon reduction of the external K(+) content to the micromolar level the voltage dependence of the channel remained unaffected, indicating that this channel type represents a voltage sensor rather than a K(+)-sensing valve. This behavior results in K(+) release through K(+) uptake channels whenever the Nernst potential is negative to the activation threshold of the channel. In contrast to the H(+)-coupled K(+) symport shown to account for high-affinity K(+) uptake in roots, pH-dependent K(+) uptake into guard cells is a result of a shift in the voltage dependence of the K(+) channel. We conclude that plant K(+) channels activated by acid pH may play an essential role in K(+) uptake even from dilute solutions.