Production of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Space

Reprogramming somatic cells into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) has transformed regenerative medicine, though optimizing efficiency, consistency, and functional quality remain key challenges. Given the growing interest in space-based biomanufacturing, we investigated whether microgravity could enhance cellular reprogramming to hiPSCs. We reprogrammed both SOX2-GFP hiPSC-derived fibroblasts (SOX2-GFP hiPSC-Fs) and primary human fibroblasts aboard the International Space Station (ISS) using a non-viral episomal plasmid-based protocol. Cells were cultured in single-well, fully-enclosed culture devices over a 24-day timeline and analyzed via live imaging, immunofluorescence, and transcriptomic profiling. Our results show that microgravity may enhance key reprogramming processes, potentially through improved transfection uptake by altered membrane fluidity or charge density in microgravity. Our work establishes a milestone for space-based biomanufacturing and offers a pathway toward more efficient generation of hiPSCs for regenerative medicine and astronaut-specific health applications.