Canopy cover and ecological restoration increase natural regeneration of rainforest trees in the Western Ghats, India

Restoration of canopy cover through tree planting can assist in overcoming
barriers to natural regeneration and catalyze recovery of degraded
tropical forests. India has made international pledges to restore millions
of hectares of degraded forests by 2030, but lacks empirical research on
regeneration under different types of planted and natural overstories to
guide this mission. We conducted a field study (65 plots of 25 m2) to
examine the influence of overstory type and canopy cover on naturally
regenerating tree seedlings across degraded rainforests (DR), mixed-native
species ecological restoration sites (ER), monoculture eucalypt
plantations (MP), and mature “benchmark” rainforests (BR) in the Western
Ghats mountains of peninsular India. ER had higher native tree seedling
densities and recovered community composition towards BR levels compared
to DR, while communities in MP shifted in the opposite direction.
Densities of native late-successional species increased with canopy cover
(particularly in ER), but greater canopy cover was also associated with
increases in alien species, a few of which are shade-tolerant. Further, in
a nursery experiment comprising four rainforest species, seed germination
and early survival increased with shade, but did not vary across soils
originating from DR, ER, and MP. Our findings show that while improving
canopy cover is important, doing so by planting diverse native species,
and controlling invasive alien species, can benefit rainforest recovery in
degraded rainforest fragments. Conversely, planting non-native
monocultures in degraded forests, which is a prevalent practice in India,
could prove counterproductive for forest recovery in the long term.