Detection of Indopacific kdr mutations in Florida Aedes aegypti

In Aedes aegypti, resistance to pyrethroid insecticides is widespread and has been strongly linked to the presence of mutations in the voltage gated sodium channel. Distinct ensembles of these muta-tions are found in the Western Hemisphere and Indopacific with little known mixing. The Indo-pacific mutations have not previously been detected in the USA. We detected the presence of the V1016G and S989P mutations in three recent collections from Osceola County, Florida. These findings were confirmed using multiple methods and represent a significant expansion of the geo-graphic range of these resistance factors. This requires modification of existing resistance screening protocols and further work to understand the operational implications for mosquito control.