Co-occurrence and cooperation between comammox and anammox bacteria in full scale municipal wastewater treatment system.

Cooperation between comammox and anammox bacteria for wastewater treatment has been recently reported in lab-scale systems including synthetic community constructs. However, there are no reports of full-scale municipal wastewater treatment systems with co-occurrence and co-operation between comammox and anammox bacteria. Here, we report intrinsic and extant kinetics as well as genome-resolved microbial community characterization of a full-scale integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS) system where comammox and anammox bacteria co-occur and appear to drive nitrogen removal and loss.