The antibiotics resistance mechanisms in the laboratory-evolved uropathogenic Escherichia coli

The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria poses a significant threat to human health, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of underlying mechanisms. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), a primary causative agent of urinary tract infections, is frequently associated with multidrug resistance and recurrent infections. To elucidate the mechanism of antibiotic resistance of UPEC to beta-lactam antibiotics, we generated and sequenced ampicillin resistant UPEC strains through continuous exposure to low and high levels of ampicillin in the laboratory, referred to as Low AmpR and High AmpR, respectively.