Immigration delays but does not prevent adaptation following environmental change: experimental evidence

In today’s rapidly changing world, it is critical to examine how animal populations will respond to severe environmental change. Following events such as pollution or deforestation that cause populations to decline, extinction will occur unless populations can adapt in response to natural selection, a process called evolutionary rescue. Theory predicts that immigration can delay extinction and provide novel genetic material that can prevent inbreeding depression and facilitate adaptation. However, when potential source populations have not experienced the new environment before (i.e., are naive), immigration can counteract selection and constrain adaptation. This study evaluated the effects of immigration of naive individuals on evolutionary rescue using the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, as a model system. Small populations were exposed to a challenging environment, and three immigration rates (zero, one, or five migrants per generation) were implemented with migrants from a be..., , , # Immigration delays but does not prevent adaptation following environmental change: experimental evidence

Corresponding authors: Lily F. Durkee, [[e-mail]](); Ruth A. Hufbauer, [[e-mail]](mailto:[e-mail])

Data collected and code written by: L. F. Durkee

## Raw data file descriptions

Among all files, \"NA\" is used to represent null values.

### 1) all_blocks-rescue-1-7-update-apr23.csv

**Description:** census data from the rescue experiment for every generation (`gen`)

* `gen`: whole numbers represent numerical generations; `gen` of 1.01, 2.01, etc. represents the timing of the immigration event (1 or 5 migrants each gen)
* `block`: temporal block, 3 total (A, B, and C)
* `array`: the set of populations using the same source population, labeled 1-8 in blocks A & B, 1-9 in block C (25 total)
* `unique_array`: unique array name for every array
* `group_rt`, `boxID_rt`: different group numbers for populations included i...