Supplementary Materials from The human visual system preserves the hierarchy of two-dimensional pattern regularity

Symmetries are present at many scales in natural scenes. Humans and other animals are highly sensitive to visual symmetry, and symmetry contributes to numerous domains of visual perception. The four fundamental symmetries, reflection, rotation, translation and glide reflection, can be combined into exactly 17 distinct regular textures. These <i>wallpaper groups</i> represent the complete set of symmetries in two-dimensional images. The current study seeks to provide a more comprehensive description of responses to symmetry in the human visual system, by collecting both brain imaging (steady-state visual evoked potentials measured using high-density EEG) and behavioural (symmetry detection thresholds) data using the entire set of wallpaper groups. This allows us to probe the hierarchy of complexity among wallpaper groups, in which simpler groups are subgroups of more complex ones. We find that both behaviour and brain activity preserve the hierarchy almost perfectly: Subgroups consistently produce lower amplitude symmetry-specific responses in the visual cortex and require longer presentation durations to be reliably detected. These findings expand our understanding of symmetry perception by showing that the human brain encodes symmetries with a high level of precision and detail. This opens new avenues for research on how fine-grained representations of regular textures contribute to natural vision.