Arthropod mtDNA paraphyly: a case study of introgressive origin

Mitochondrial paraphyly between arthropod species is not uncommon, and has been speculated to 
largely be the result of incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) of ancestral variation within the common 
ancestor of both species, with hybridisation playing only a minor role. However, in the absence of 
comparable nuclear genetic data, the relative roles of ILS and hybridisation in explaining 
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) paraphyly remain unclear. Hybridisation itself is a multifaceted 
gateway to paraphyly, which may lead to paraphyly across both the nuclear and mitochondrial 
genomes, or paraphyly that is largely restricted to the mitochondrial genome. These different 
outcomes will depend upon the frequency of hybridisation, its demographic context, and the extent 
to which mtDNA is subject to direct selection, indirect selection, or neutral processes. Here we 
describe extensive mtDNA paraphyly between two species of iron-clad beetle (Zopheridae) and 
evaluate competing explanations for its orig..., , , # Arthropod mtDNA paraphyly: a case study of introgressive origin

[https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.866t1g219](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.866t1g219)

## Description of the data and file structure

Specimens of *Tarphius canariensis* and *T. simplex* were sampled from 19 sites along the dorsal ridge of the Anaga peninsula (Figure 1), yielding a total of 108 *T. canariensis* and 81 *T. simplex*, with individuals of both species sampled together at 16 sites (Table S1). See Supplementary Methods S1 for further details on sampling.

Genomic DNA was extracted from each individual using the Biosprint DNA Blood Kit (Qiagen) on a Thermo KingFisher Flex automated extraction instrument. The barcode region of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) was amplified using the primers *Fol-degen-for* and *Fol-degen-rev* (Yu et al., 2012). PCR conditions are described in Table S2. PCR products were purified with enzymes *ExoI* and *rSAP* (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA, USA)...