A unified global dataset of forest ecosystem services from 1992 to 2100 at a 1 km resolution

This dataset provides unified evaluation maps of global forest ecosystem service values (FESV) from 1992 to 2100 at a 1 km resolution, generated using a biophysical assessment framework based on the Embodied Cosmic Exergy (ECE) theory. It quantifies nine key service types: biomass increase (BI), carbon sequestration (CS), soil building (SB), groundwater recharge (GR), air purification (AP), soil purification (SP), erosion control (EC), microclimate regulation (MR), and climate regulation (CR), all evaluated in a unified unit (Jc yr⁻¹). The dataset includes historical maps for 1992, 2000, 2010, and 2020, as well as future projections for 2030, 2050, 2070, and 2100 under four SSP scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5). All files are provided in GeoTIFF format and named according to the following convention: “year_service.tif” for historical data (for example, 2020_BI.tif represents the biomass increase service in 2020) and “scenario_year_service.tif” for future scenarios (for example, ssp126_2030_BI.tif represents the biomass increase service in 2030 under SSP1-2.6). Files named “year_total.tif” or “scenario_year_total.tif” represent the total forest ecosystem service value for the corresponding year and scenario. The dataset captures both spatial and temporal dynamics of global FESV, revealing that tropical forests such as those in the Amazon and Congo Basin maintain high values but face significant future declines, while high-latitude regions show potential increases driven by enhanced erosion control services. This high-resolution, long-term global dataset of forest ecosystem services offers essential support for analyzing forest ecosystem dynamics, understanding their responses to climate change, and guiding the development of targeted strategies for forest conservation, sustainable management, and climate adaptation.