Beneficial wake-capture effect for forward propulsion with a restrained wing-pitch motion of a butterfly

Unlike other insects, a butterfly uses a small amplitude of the wing-pitch motion for flight. From an analysis of the dynamics of real flying butterflies, we show that the restrained amplitude of the wing-pitch motion enhances the wake-capture effect so as to enhance forward propulsion. A numerical simulation refined with experimental data shows that, for a small amplitude of the wing-pitch motion, the shed vortex generated in the downstroke induces air in the wake region to flow towards the wings, which enables a butterfly to capture this induced flow and to acquire an additional forward propulsion. When the amplitude of the wing-pitch motion exceeds 45o, the flow induced by the shed vortex drifts away from the wings; it attenuates the wake-capture effect and causes the butterfly to lose a part of its forward propulsion. Our results provide a physical elucidation for a butterfly adopting a small amplitude of the wing-pitch motion to enhance the wake-capture effect and forward propulsio...