Table_1_Molecular Phylogeny and Historical Biogeography of Goodyera R. Br. (Orchidaceae): A Case of the Vicariance Between East Asia and North America.XLSX

Understanding of intercontinental distribution in the Northern Hemisphere has attracted a lot of attention from botanists. However, although Orchidaceae is the largest group of angiosperms, biogeographical studies on the disjunctive pattern have not been sufficient for this family. Goodyera R. Br. (tribe Cranichideae, subfamily Orchidoideae, family Orchidaceae) is widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. Although the phylogenetic relationship of Goodyera inferred from both morphological and molecular data has been conducted, the sampled taxa were mainly distributed in Asia regions that resulted in non-monophyly of this genus. In this study, the complete plastid genomes of Goodyera, generated by next-generation sequencing (NGS) technique and sampled in East Asia and North America, were used to reconstruct phylogeny and explore the historical biogeography. A total of 18 Goodyera species including seven newly sequenced species were analyzed. Based on 79 protein-coding genes, the phylogenetic analysis revealed that Goodyera could be subdivided into four subclades with high support values. The polyphyletic relationships among Goodyera taxa were confirmed, and the unclear position of G. foliosa was also resolved. The datasets that are composed of the 14 coding sequences (CDS) (matK, atpF, ndhK, accD, cemA, clpP, rpoA, rpl22, ndhF, ccsA, ndhD, ndhI, ndhA, and ycf 1) showed the same topology derived from 79 protein-coding genes. Molecular dating analyses revealed the origin of Goodyera in the mid-Miocene (15.75 Mya). Nearctic clade of Goodyera was diverged at 10.88 Mya from their most recent common ancestor (MRCA). The biogeographical reconstruction suggests that subtropical or tropical Asia is the origin of Goodyera and it has subsequently spread to temperate Asia during the Miocene. In addition, Nearctic clade is derived from East Asian species through Bering Land Bridge (BLB) during the Miocene. The speciation of Goodyera is most likely to have occurred during Miocene, and climatic and geological changes are thought to have had a part in this diversification. Our findings propose both origin and vicariance events of Goodyera for the first time and add an example for the biogeographical history of the Northern Hemisphere.

对北半球大陆分布格局的理解吸引了众多植物学家的关注。然而，尽管兰科（Orchidaceae）是最大的被子植物类群，但对于该科的间断分布模式进行的生物地理学研究尚不充分。戈迪尔兰（Goodyera R. Br.）（属克朗尼族Cranichideae，亚科兰科Orchidoideae，科兰科Orchidaceae）在温带和热带地区广泛分布。尽管基于形态学和分子数据的戈迪尔兰系统发育关系研究已经展开，但样本的类群主要分布在亚洲地区，导致该属非单系群。在本研究中，利用下一代测序（NGS）技术生成的戈迪尔兰全叶绿体基因组，并在东亚和北美洲采集，被用于重建系统发育关系和探索历史生物地理学。共分析了18种戈迪尔兰，包括7种新测序物种。基于79个蛋白编码基因的系谱分析揭示了戈迪尔兰可以划分为四个亚类群，并具有高支持值。戈迪尔兰类群间的多系群关系得到了证实，G. foliosa的模糊位置也得到了解决。由14个编码序列（CDS）（matK、atpF、ndhK、accD、cemA、clpP、rpoA、rpl22、ndhF、ccsA、ndhD、ndhI、ndhA和ycf 1）组成的数据库显示了与79个蛋白编码基因相同的拓扑结构。分子年代学分析揭示了戈迪尔兰起源于中新世中期（1.575亿年前）。戈迪尔兰的近ctic类群在10.88百万年前从其最近共同祖先（MRCA）分化出来。生物地理学重建表明，亚热带或热带亚洲是戈迪尔兰的起源地，并在中新世期间传播至温带亚洲。此外，近ctic类群在中新世期间通过白令陆桥（BLB）从东亚物种衍生而来。戈迪尔兰的物种形成最有可能发生在中新世，气候和地质变化在此多样性过程中起到了一定的作用。我们的研究结果首次提出了戈迪尔兰的起源和分异事件，并为北半球的生物地理历史提供了一个实例。