毛竹林高效生态培育关键技术集成创新与推广

针对我国毛竹主产区竹林经营管理技术以定性为主、产品类型和技术形态单一、技术传播困难，从而导致经营效益低下和潜在的生态安全等主要问题，重点研究：①毛竹定向高效生态培育的原理和技术 ②实用、高效、简便的定向培育技术体系系统集成 ③技术推广和产业化机制创新。项目取得的主要成果： 1、以研究揭示土壤养分规律、施肥生态生理响应和笋芽萌发机理为基础，构建了毛竹测土施肥技术数据平台，探明了毛竹经营区土壤肥力特征、肥力变异与土壤区划和经营模式的关系，应用以养分平衡和土壤快速测试相结合的养分调控技术模式，建立了毛竹分区式测土推荐施肥技术体系。该技术与现行毛竹笋竹林的施肥量相比，大量元素（N、P、K）使用全量平均减少14%左右，起到节支增效和减少面源污染的作用。以研究揭示土壤-植物-大气连续体(SPAC)水分特征规律为基础，掌握了毛竹林内降水分配规律、叶片蒸腾及其与土壤含水量之间的关系，摸清了林地土壤水分变化与水分胁迫规律，提出了竹林山地水分定量管理技术，研发了适合山地作业的移动式水分喷灌系统。 2、以研发的8个单项技术为重点，集成创新了实用、高效、生态的毛竹春—冬笋、春—鞭笋定向高效生态培育和低效林综合生产能力提升等3个综合技术体系，其中，对春笋—冬鞭笋定向培育技术体系的定位研究表明，应用该技术体系，可改善土壤生物学肥力，生态功能优良，其中，土壤抗蚀能力超过20年生马尾松林，年径流量为马尾松林的96.7%，仅为经济林地（板栗）的44.5%，水土保持能力优良。构建了竹笋标准化生产体系 制定国家标准1项（待发布），6个地方标准，授权发明专利3项，省级新产品1项。 3、综合应用农民参与技术发展等方法和手段，系统集成了一整套简便并符合农民认知的毛竹高效定向培育技术体系。其中，冬鞭笋型笋用林规模经营冬笋产量达3750 kg/hm2，鞭笋达1500 kg/hm2。毛竹低效林综合生产能力提升技术体系，通过综合设计定向培育类型，优化土壤管理技术等措施，降低劳动力投入75-225工/hm2 改造3年后笋竹产量增长达80%-200%，增加经济收入2250-9000元/hm2 ，为毛竹低效林定向高效培育提供了重要技术支撑。

Aiming at the main problems such as the predominance of qualitative approaches in forest management technologies, single product types and technical forms, and difficult technology dissemination in the main moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) producing areas of China, which lead to low operational efficiency and potential ecological safety issues, this study focused on three key areas: ① principles and technologies for targeted, efficient and ecological cultivation of moso bamboo; ② systematic integration of practical, efficient and simple targeted cultivation technical systems; ③ innovation of technology promotion and industrialization mechanisms.

The main achievements of the project are as follows:
1. Based on research revealing the rules of soil nutrient dynamics, ecophysiological responses to fertilization and the mechanism of shoot bud germination, a soil testing and fertilization technical data platform for moso bamboo was constructed. The characteristics of soil fertility in moso bamboo management areas, and the relationships between soil fertility variation, soil zoning and management modes were clarified. By applying the nutrient regulation technology model combining nutrient balance and rapid soil testing, a zoned soil testing-based recommended fertilization technical system for moso bamboo was established. Compared with the current fertilization rate for moso bamboo shoot forests, the total application of macronutrients (N, P, K) is reduced by an average of 14%, which achieves cost savings and efficiency improvement, and reduces non-point source pollution. Based on research revealing the water characteristics of the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum (SPAC), the rules of precipitation distribution in moso bamboo forests, leaf transpiration and its relationship with soil water content were mastered. The rules of soil water variation and water stress in forest lands were clarified. A quantitative water management technology for mountain bamboo forests was proposed, and a mobile water sprinkler system suitable for mountain operations was developed.

2. Focusing on 8 developed individual technologies, three comprehensive technical systems including practical, efficient and ecological targeted efficient ecological cultivation of moso bamboo for spring-winter bamboo shoots and spring-rhizome bamboo shoots, and improving the comprehensive production capacity of low-efficiency forests were integrated and innovated. The positioning research on the targeted cultivation technical system for spring bamboo shoots-winter rhizome bamboo shoots shows that the application of this technical system can improve soil biological fertility and has excellent ecological functions. The soil anti-erodibility exceeds that of 20-year-old Pinus massoniana forests, the annual runoff is 96.7% of that of Pinus massoniana forests, and only 44.5% of that of economic forest lands (chestnut), indicating excellent soil and water conservation capacity. A standardized bamboo shoot production system was constructed: 1 national standard (to be released), 6 local standards were formulated, 3 authorized invention patents were granted, and 1 provincial-level new product was developed.

3. By comprehensively applying methods such as farmer participation in technology development, a complete set of efficient targeted cultivation technical systems for moso bamboo that are simple and aligned with farmers' cognition was systematically integrated. For large-scale managed winter rhizome bamboo shoot forests, the winter bamboo shoot yield reaches 3750 kg/hm² and the rhizome bamboo shoot yield reaches 1500 kg/hm². The technical system for improving the comprehensive production capacity of moso bamboo low-efficiency forests, through comprehensive design of targeted cultivation types, optimization of soil management technologies and other measures, reduces labor input by 75-225 working days per hectare. After 3 years of transformation, the yield of bamboo shoots and culms increases by 80%-200%, and the economic income increases by 2250-9000 yuan per hectare, providing important technical support for targeted and efficient cultivation of moso bamboo low-efficiency forests.

搜集汇总

背景与挑战

背景概述

该数据集围绕毛竹林高效生态培育的关键技术，集成了测土施肥、水分管理及定向培育等创新成果，旨在解决传统经营中的效益低下和生态问题。通过技术体系集成与推广，实现了竹林产量提升、经济收入增加和生态功能改善。