The importance of trees for woody pasture bird diversity and effects of the European Union's tree density policy

1. Recent reforms in the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) aim for a greening of the subsidy system with potential improvements for biodiversity conservation. As part of that process, the tree density limit for pastures to qualify for European Union (EU) subsidies has been increased from 50 to 100 trees/ha. However, recent studies show that the high biodiversity values of these habitats may be threatened by these limits, highlighting the need for policy improvements. Still, little is known about the direct effects of tree density limitations on bird communities in woody pastures.
2. We investigated how bird diversity and species composition are affected by tree density in 49 Swedish woody pastures along a gradient of 4 to 214 trees/ha. We recorded bird communities, tree density and stand structure estimates in the field and estimated forest cover in the surrounding landscape from aerial photos. Using generalised additive models (GAM) and redundancy analysis (RDA), we analysed how bi...