Treatment of co-existing V(V) and Cr(VI) using immobilized microbes with rice washing water as carbon sources

The urgent development of more efficient microbial technologies suitable for co-pollution of vanadium (V) and chromium (Cr) stressed environments is imperative. In this study, rice washing water (RWW) was utilized as both the carbon and microbial source immobilized together with sludge to treat wastewater containing V(V) and Cr(VI).