Human histone H1 variants impact splicing outcome by controlling RNA polymerase II elongation rate [ChIP-seq]

Histones shape chromatin structure and the epigenetic landscape. H1, the most diverse histone in the human genome, has 11 variants. Due to high structural similarity between the H1s, their unique functions in transferring information from the chromatin to mRNA processing machineries, have remained elusive. Here, we generated human cell lines lacking up to five H1 subtypes, allowing us to characterize the genomic binding profiles of six H1 variants. Most H1s bind to specific sites, and binding depends on multiple factors including GC content. The highly expressed H1.2 has a high affinity for exons, whereas H1.3 binds intronic sequences. Although H1s have a minor effect on global gene expression levels, they are major splicing regulators, especially of exon skipping and intron retention events, through their effects on the elongation rate of RNA polymerase II. Thus, H1 variants determine splicing fate by modulating the RNA polymerase II elongation rate. Chromatin immunoprecipitation DNA-sequencing (ChIP-seq) for H1 histone variants from WT HEK293 cells and 5-KO (H1.0,H1.2,H1.3,H1.4,H1.5) and H1 rescue in HEK293. The immunoprecipitation was done with either H1-specific antibody or antibody for HA-tag.