Antimicrobial resistance in wastewaters and river water in Nepal

In Nepal, most of the wastewater generated from pharmaceutical industries, hospitals and municipal sewages is often discharged untreated or partially treated into nearby surface water bodies, in particular rivers. This practice exposes humans and animals, receiving water sources in various forms to the dangers of infection due to ARB. So, we investigated the distribution of antibiotic resistant bacterial population in wastewaters and rivers in Kathmandu, Nepal by culture-dependent approach, detected antibiotic resistance genes and mobile genetic elements in ESBL-bacteria by PCR as well as determined the specific AMR bacterial clones through WGS to identify the probable risks of antibiotic resistance dissemination from source to environment, which eventually have a huge impact on human health.