The pathogenic Y. enteroclitica strains used in this study.

Note: The bracket next to strain numbers are the strains that have lost the plasmid;*strains from Japan; ST, serotype; and BT, biotype; ail, attachment invasion locus of Y. enterocolitica; ystA, the production of heat-stable enterotoxin in Y. enterocolitica; ystB, encode an enterotoxin present mainly in biotype 1A strains; yadA, the plasmid-borne virulence gene involved in autoagglutination, serum resistance, and adhesion; virF, encode transcriptional activators of the yop regulon in pYV plasmid; rfbc: located in the rfb gene cluster, responsible for the biosynthesis of the O side chain of Y. enterocolitica O: 3 strain.