Single-nucleus and spatial transcriptome identify brain landscape of gene regulatory networks associated with behavioral maturation in honeybees

Animal behavior is linked to the gene regulatory network (GRN) coordinating gene expression in the brain. Eusocial honeybees, with their natural behavioral plasticity, provide an excellent model for exploring the connection between brain activity and behavior. Using single-nucleus RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics, we analyze the expression patterns of brain cells associated with the behavioral maturation from nursing to foraging. Integrating spatial and cellular data uncovered cell-type and spatial heterogeneity in GRN organization. Single-nucleus expression profiling by high-throughput sequencing of 10-day-old nurse bees and 21- to 23-day-old forager bees.