Analysis of human urine reveals metabolic changes related to the development of acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery

In an effort to identify novel biomarkers capable of predicting the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) use, urine specimens were collected before and at 4 and 24 hours after surgery from 106 patients and analyzed by means of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and machine learning methods.