Rural Socioeconomic Survey 2011-2012 - Ethiopia

Abstract
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The Ethiopian Rural Socioeconomic Survey (ERSS) is a collaborative project between the Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) and the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study- Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) team. The objective of the LSMS-ISA is to collect multi-topic panel household level data with a special focus on improving agriculture statistics and the link between agriculture and other sectors of the economy. The project also aims to build capacity, share knowledge across countries, and improve survey methodologies and technology.

The specific objectives of the ERSS are:
- Development of an innovative model for collecting agricultural data in conjunction with household data;
- Strengthening the capacity to generate a sustainable system for producing accurate and timely information on agricultural households in Ethiopia;
- Development of a model of inter-institutional collaboration between the CSA and relevant federal and local government agencies as well as national and international research and development partners; and
- Comprehensive analysis of household income, well-being, and socio-economic characteristics of households in rural areas and small towns.

Geographic coverage
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Rural and small towns

Analysis unit
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- Household
- Person/ individual
- Community

Sampling procedure
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The ERSS sample is designed to be representative of rural and small town areas of Ethiopia. The ERSS rural sample is a sub-sample of the AgSS while the small town sample comes from the universe of small town EAs. The ERSS sample size provides estimates at the national level for rural and small town households. At the regional level, it provides estimates for four regions including Amhara, Oromiya, SNNP, and Tigray.

The sample is a two-stage probability sample. The first stage of sampling entailed selecting primary sampling units , which are a sample of the CSA enumeration areas (EAs). For the rural sample, 290 EAs were selected from the AgSS EAs. The AgSS EAs were selected based on probability proportional to size of the total EAs in each region. For small town EAs, a total of 43 EAs were selected. In order to ensure sufficient sample in the most populous regions (Amhara, Oromiya, SNNP, and Tigray), quotas were set for the number of EAs in each region. The sample is not representative for each of the small regions including Afar, Benshangul Gumuz, Dire Dawa, Gambella, Harari, and Somalie regions. However, estimates can be produced for a combination of all smaller regions as one "other region" category.

The second stage of sampling was the selection of households to be interviewed in each EA. For rural EAs, a total of 12 households are sampled in each EA. Of these, 10 households were randomly selected from the sample of 30 AgSS households. The AgSS households are households which are involved in farming or livestock activities. Another 2 households were randomly selected from all other households in the rural EA (those not involved in agriculture or livestock). In some EAs, there is only one or no such households, in which case, less than two non-agricultural households were surveyed and more agricultural households were interviewed instead so that the total number of households per EA remains the same.

In the small town EAs, 12 households are selected randomly from the listing of each EA, with no stratification as to whether the household is engaged in agriculture/livestock. Households were not selected using replacement. Thus, the final number of household interviewed was slightly less than the 3,996 as planned in the design.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The survey was administered using five questionnaires: household, community, post-planting agriculture, ost-harvest agriculture and livestock questionnaires.

The household questionnaire collects information on basic demographics; education; health (including anthropometric measurement for children); labor and time use; partial food and non-food expenditure; household nonfarm income-generating activities; food security and shocks; safety nets; housing conditions; assets; credit; and other sources of household income. The household questionnaire, when relevant, is comparable to the Welfare Monitoring Survey (WMS).

The community questionnaire gathered information on access to infrastructure; community organizations; resource management; changes in the community; key events; community needs, actions and achievements; and local retail price information.

Post-planting and post-harvest agriculture questionnaires were completed in those households with at least one member of the household engaged in crop farming using owned or rented land The post-planting and post-harvest agriculture questionnaires focused on farming activities and solicit information on land ownership and use; farm labor; inputs use; GPS land area measurement and coordinates of household fields; agriculture capital; irrigation; and crop harvest and utilization.

The livestock questionnaire interviews were implemented in households where at least one member was engaged in livestock rearing. The livestock questionnaire collected information on animal holdings and costs; and production, cost and sales of livestock byproducts.

Cleaning operations
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Most of the interviews were carried out using paper and pen interviewing method. The completed paper questionnaires were sent to the CSA headquarters in Addis Ababa. The questionnaires were first checked by editors for completeness and consistency. The editors checked completeness (taking inventory) and cross-checked the questionnaires with the EA codebook. Questionnaires with inconsistent responses or with errors were corrected by contacting the branch offices or, in some cases, by sending the questionnaires back to the field. Checked questionnaires were keyed by data entry clerks at the head office using CSPro data entry application software.

Computer assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) was implemented, as a pilot, in 33 of the 333 EAs using SurveyBe data collection software.

The data cleaning process was done in two stages. The first step was at the CSA head office using the CSA's data cleaning staff. The CSA data cleaning staff used the CSpro data cleaning application to capture out of range values, outliers, and skip inconsistencies from the batch error reports. Once the errors were flagged in the batch error report the hard copy of the original questionnaire was retrieved and checked if the errors were at the data collection, editing, or entry level. Editing and entry level errors were corrected at the head office. Field level errors were communicated with the branch offices in the regions. The second level of data cleaning was done using Stata program to check for inconsistencies.

Response rate
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A total of 3,969 households were interviewed with a response rate of 99.3 percent.

摘要
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埃塞俄比亚农村社会经济调查（ERSS）是由埃塞俄比亚中央统计局（CSA）与世界银行生活标准测量研究-综合农业调查（LSMS-ISA）团队共同发起的一项合作项目。LSMS-ISA的目标是收集多主题的住户层面数据集，特别关注于提升农业统计数据以及农业与其他经济部门之间的关联。该项目还旨在提升能力建设、跨国知识共享，以及优化调查方法和技术的应用。
ERSS的具体目标包括：
- 开发一种创新的收集农业数据与住户数据相结合的模型；
- 加强构建一个可持续的系统，以生产关于埃塞俄比亚农业住户的准确和及时信息；
- 建立中央统计局与相关联邦及地方政府机构、以及国内外研发伙伴之间的机构间合作模型；
- 对农村地区及小城镇住户的收入、福祉和社会经济特征进行综合分析。
地理覆盖范围
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农村及小城镇
分析单元
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- 住户
- 个人/个体
- 社区
抽样程序
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ERSS的样本设计旨在代表埃塞俄比亚的农村和小城镇地区。ERSS的农村样本是农业调查（AgSS）的一个子样本，而小城镇样本则来自小城镇的抽样单元（EAs）。ERSS的样本规模为国家层面的农村和小城镇住户提供估计值。在地区层面，它为包括阿姆哈拉、奥罗莫、SNNP和提格雷在内的四个地区提供估计值。
样本是一个两阶段的概率样本。第一阶段抽样涉及选择初级抽样单元，即CSA的抽样单元（EAs）的一个样本。对于农村样本，从AgSS EAs中选择了290个EAs。AgSS EAs的选择基于各地区的总EAs规模的比例概率。对于小城镇EAs，共选择了43个EAs。为了确保在人口最多的地区（阿姆哈拉、奥罗莫、SNNP和提格雷）有足够的样本，每个地区都设定了EAs数量的配额。样本并不代表包括阿法尔、本尚古勒-古穆兹、迪雷达瓦、甘贝拉、哈拉里和索马里在内的所有小地区。然而，可以为所有较小地区的组合生产一个“其他地区”类别的估计值。
第二阶段抽样是在每个EAs中选择要访谈的住户。对于农村EAs，每个EAs中抽样12户。其中，从30户AgSS样本中随机选择了10户。AgSS住户是指参与农业或畜牧业活动的住户。另外2户从农村EAs中的所有其他住户中随机选择（那些不参与农业或畜牧业的）。在某些EAs中，可能只有一个或没有这样的住户，在这种情况下，调查的非农业住户数量少于两户，而农业住户的数量则相应增加，以确保每个EAs的住户总数保持一致。
在小城镇EAs中，从每个EAs的名单中随机选择12户，不区分住户是否从事农业/畜牧业。住户不是通过替换方式选择的。因此，最终访谈的住户数量略少于计划中的3,996户。
数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
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调查是通过五份问卷进行的：住户问卷、社区问卷、播种后农业问卷、收获后农业问卷和畜牧业问卷。
住户问卷收集有关基本人口统计信息、教育、健康（包括儿童的体质测量）；劳动和时间使用；部分食品和非食品支出；非农住户收入生成活动；粮食安全及冲击；安全网；住房条件；资产；信贷；以及其他住户收入来源的信息。当相关时，住户问卷可比福利监测调查（WMS）。
社区问卷收集有关基础设施获取、社区组织、资源管理、社区变化、关键事件、社区需求、行动和成就；以及当地零售价格信息。
播种后和收获后农业问卷是在至少有一名家庭成员从事农作物种植的住户中完成的。播种后和收获后农业问卷侧重于农业活动，并收集有关土地所有权和使用、农场劳动、投入使用、GPS土地面积测量和住户田地的坐标、农业资本、灌溉以及作物收获和利用的信息。
畜牧业问卷访谈是在至少有一名家庭成员从事畜牧业饲养的住户中进行的。畜牧业问卷收集有关牲畜和成本；以及牲畜产品的生产、成本和销售信息。
数据清理操作
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大部分访谈是通过纸质和笔进行面对面访谈的。完成后的纸质问卷被发送到亚的斯亚贝巴的CSA总部。问卷首先由编辑检查其完整性和一致性。编辑检查了完整性（盘点）并对照EAs代码簿核对问卷。对于回答不一致或有错误的问卷，通过联系分支机构或在某些情况下将问卷退回现场进行更正。经过检查的问卷由总部使用CSPro数据输入应用软件进行数据录入。
在333个EAs中的33个EAs中，作为试点实施了计算机辅助个人访谈（CAPI），使用了SurveyBe数据收集软件。
数据清理过程分为两个阶段。第一步是在CSA总部使用CSA的数据清理人员进行。CSA的数据清理人员使用CSpro数据清理应用程序从批量错误报告中捕获超出范围值、异常值和跳过不一致性。一旦在批量错误报告中标记了错误，就会检索原始问卷的纸质副本并检查错误是否出现在数据收集、编辑或输入层面。编辑和输入层面的错误在总部得到纠正。现场层面的错误与地区分支机构进行沟通。第二阶段的数据清理使用Stata程序进行，以检查不一致性。
响应率
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共访谈了3,969户住户，响应率为99.3%。