Structured Search Strategy for the Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Databases, Boolean Logic, and Screening Process (PRISMA 2020-Compliant)

This systematic review and meta-analysis investigates the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of postoperative infectious pneumonia (PIP) in adult patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, 32 studies were analyzed, revealing a significant pooled incidence of PIP, particularly among high-risk populations. Key predictors included advanced age, COPD, diabetes, prolonged ventilation, and emergency procedures. PIP was associated with increased ICU stay and mortality. The findings underscore the critical need for preventive strategies and optimized perioperative care to mitigate PIP-related complications in cardiothoracic surgical patients.