Subgroup and metaregression analyses of diagnostic odds ratios (DORs) produced by nine commonly used risk assessment tools when a tool designer was a study author versus independent investigations.

Note. β = unstandardized regression coefficient; SE = standard error; SCJ = structured clinical judgment; DOR = diagnostic odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; Gray literature = doctoral dissertations, Master's theses, government reports, and conference presentations.aAuthorship operationally defined as being an author of the English-language version of the instrument under investigation.