Labor Market Panel Survey, ELMPS 2023 - Egypt, Arab Rep.

Abstract
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The Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey (ELMPS) has been carried out in 1998, 2006, 2012, and 2018 by the Economic Research Forum (ERF) in cooperation with Egypt's Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS). Tracking a panel of households and individuals over 25 years, the data have become the workhorse of research on labor markets, human development, migration, family formation, and social protection in Egypt. In 2023, a tripartite memorandum of understanding was signed by the Ministry of Planning and Economic Development, CAPMAS and ERF to conduct the fifth (2023) round of the ELMPS.

This fifth wave of the ELMPs leverages the ELMPS panel to examine how Egypt's labor market has been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent developments in the Egyptian economy. The questionnaire builds on the questionnaires used in previous waves, which will facilitate data comparability. The ELMPS series covers topics such as parental background, education, housing, access to services, residential mobility, migration and remittances, time use, marriage patterns and costs, fertility, women's decision making and empowerment, job dynamics, savings and borrowing behavior, the operation of household enterprises and farms, besides the usual focus on employment, unemployment and earnings in typical labor force surveys. The recent ELMPSs also provide information on health, gender role attitudes, food security, hazardous work, community infrastructure, the cost of housing, and specific questions on vulnerability, coping strategies and access to social safety net programs. A full time use diary for adolescents and adults aged ten and older is included in the time use module starting in 2023, in addition to a shorter summary version for children aged 6 to 9.

In addition to the survey's panel design, which permits the study of various phenomena over time, the survey also contains a large number of retrospective questions about the timing of major life events such as education, residential mobility, jobs, marriage and fertility. The survey provides detailed information about place of birth and subsequent residence, as well information about schools and universities attended at various stages of an individual's trajectory, which permit the individual records to be linked to information from other data sources about the geographic context in which the individual lived and the educational institutions s/he attended.

Specific questions on the impact of COVID-19 and pressing issues in Egypt's labor market have been added for 2023, as well as questions on the green economy, the digital/gig economy, and skills, which have important labor market and policy implications for Egypt.

The ELMPS 2023 captured 70,636 individuals and 17,784 households. Of these, 50,268 individuals and 13,565 households were tracked from 2018 to 2023.

The series of Labor Market Panel survey (LMPS) also includes two waves in Jordan (JLMPS 2010 and 2016), one wave in Tunisia (TLMPS 2014) and one wave in Sudan (SLMPS 2022).
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For more information on the ELMPS series, see:
Assaad, R. and C. Krafft. 2024. Introducing the Egypt Labor Market Panel survey 2023. ERF Working Paper No. 1748.
https://erf.org.eg/publications/introducing-the-egypt-labor-market-panel-survey-2023/
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"We acknowledge the financial support of the International Labour Organization through the Government of the Netherlands and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, World Bank Poverty and Equity Global Practice supported by the UK-funded Strategic Partnership for Egypt’s Inclusive Growth trust fund (SPEIG TF), and World Bank MENA Chief Economist office, Agence Française de Développement, Ministry of Planning, Economic Development and International Cooperation, Egypt, and UNICEF for the Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey 2023."

Geographic coverage
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<td>Regions:

<tr><td>Greater Cairo
<tr><td>Alexandria and Suez Canal
<tr><td>Urban Lower Egypt
<tr><td>Urban Upper Egypt
<tr><td>Rural Lower Egypt
<tr><td>Rural Upper Egypt

Analysis unit
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1- Households.
2- Individuals.
3- Enterprises.

Universe
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The survey covered a national sample of households and all households members aged 6 and above. In addition to Enterprises operated by the household.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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As a longitudinal survey, the ELMPS attempts to track households included in the previous waves and interview all their remaining and new members. The survey also tries to locate any individuals who may have split from these households between waves, and attempts to interview them, as well as any other individuals found in the households they formed or joined.

There were 15,746 households fielded in 2018. Of those, 13,565 (86.1%) were successfully re-contacted in 2023. These located households may have moved or had a different composition from 2018 to 2023, but the household and at least one member from 2018 was reached in 2023. Inasmuch as possible, when a household was not present in their 2018 location, information was gathered from neighbors and their 2018 phone number was used in an attempt to contact and locate them.

In some cases, we know the entire household left the country or sample frame (e.g., moved to collective housing, such as a dormitory or prison, or the Frontier governorates). This occurred for 171 households in 2023 (1.1% of the 2018 sample). Likewise, for 139 households, the entire household was known to be deceased (0.9% of the 2018 sample).

Leaving the sample frame and all members dying are considered "natural attrition" - these panel individuals would not have been in the sample frame in 2023 if creating a new random sample. These naturally attrited households are excluded from our calculations of the attrition rate and attrition models. Type I attrition includes households that were unreachable or unable to be completed (1,475 of the 2018 households, 9.4% of all households) or refused (396 households, 2.5% of all households). The type I attrition rate is thus 12.1%.

Of the 61,231 individuals in 2018, 54,252 of them were, in 2018, members of households that were then found in 2023. The vast majority (47,782, 88.1%) of these individuals were still in their original households. Among the 6,470 individuals no longer in their households, 2,277 (4.2% of the original sample) were lost due to natural attrition. Among those, 1,523 (2.8%) died, 706 (1.3%) emigrated or left the sample frame geographically, and 48 (0.1%) moved to collective housing.

Among the 4,193 individuals (7.7% of the individuals whose households were found) who formed or moved to new households within the sample frame, 3,682 households were formed. A split household thus had an average of 1.14 individuals from 2018 (plus any new members). Because our sampling frame is based on households, we track these split households and attempt to contact them in their new locations, based on the information provided by their 2018 household members still in their original household during 2023 fielding. Of the 3,682 split households, we reached 2,171, but 1,501 attrited. This pattern yields a Type II attrition rate of 40.8%.

In every wave of the survey, a refresher sample of 2,000-3,000 households is added to maintain the representativeness of the overall sample and to allow for a more in-depth examination of phenomena of interest.

The ELMPS 2023 added a nationally representative refresher sample, as with all previous waves. The refresher sample is a stratified cluster sample. The refresher sample was executed as planned over 200 primary sampling units (PSUs) stratified by governorate and urban/rural. Although Egypt is majority rural, ELMPS 2023 over-sampled urban areas to ensure an adequate sample size in these more economically diverse labor markets. Thus, 120 urban PSUs and 80 rural PSUs were sampled. Within each location/governorate strata after assigning the number of PSUs, PSUs were selected randomly probability proportional to size. The realized refresher sample was 2,036 households.

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For more details on the sample of the ELMPS 2023, see:
Assaad, R. and C. Krafft. 2024. Introducing the Egypt Labor Market Panel survey 2023. ERF Working Paper No. 1748.
https://erf.org.eg/publications/introducing-the-egypt-labor-market-panel-survey-2023/
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Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The questionnaire for the 2023 wave of the ELMPS builds on the questionnaires used in previous waves, which were described in Assaad and Krafft (2013) and Krafft, Assaad, and Rahman (2021).
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For more details, see
https://erf.org.eg/publications/egypt-labor-market-panel-survey-introducing-2012-round/
https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/izajodm-2021-0012
========================================================

The 2023 wave has two primary questionnaires, a household questionnaire and an individual questionnaire. The modules in these two questionnaires are;

A) The household questionnaire includes; Statistical Identification; Tracking Splits, Individual Roster; Housing Information; Current Migrants; Transfers from Individuals; Other Sources of Income; Shocks and Coping; Household Non-Farm Activities; Agriculture Assets: Lands; Agriculture Assets: Livestock/Poultry; Agriculture Assets: Equipment; Agricultural Crops and Other Agricultural Income.

B) The individual questionnaire includes; Statistical Identification; Residential Mobility; Father's Characteristics; Mother's Characteristics; Siblings; Health; Education; Past Seven Days Subsistence & Domestic Work; Employment in the Past Seven Days; Unemployment; Employment in the Past Three Months; Characteristics of Main Job; Secondary Job; Labor Market History; Marriage; Fertility; Female Employment; Earnings; Earnings in Secondary Job; Return Migration; Information Technology; Savings & Borrowing and Attitudes.

Some entirely new modules were added in 2023, and some modules were substantially augmented. Three entirely new modules were added to the individual questionnaire, including a module on skills and a module on time use, both of which we will be describe further below. In the individual questionnaire, the “training” module was added with questions on specific training experiences (including internships and apprenticeships, along with online skill acquisition).
The “job characteristics” module was augmented with additional questions on the skill requirements of the current job, ones that attempt to detect green jobs, assess job changes since the COVID-19 pandemic, detect interest in job changes, and measure preferences regarding remote work.
The “information technology” (IT) module was updated to include the use of new forms of digital payments and mobile money as well as time spent on different IT purposes in past 24 hours. The “attitudes” module was augmented with questions about life satisfaction and future expectations for such, as well as questions about migration intentions, risk taking, patience, and feelings of safety.
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For more details on the changes in the questionnaires in ELMPS 2023, see:
Assaad, R. and C. Krafft. 2024. Introducing the Egypt Labor Market Panel survey 2023. ERF Working Paper (forthcoming).
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摘要
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埃及劳动力市场面板调查（ELMPS）自1998年起，由经济研究论坛（ERF）与埃及中央公共动员和统计局（CAPMAS）合作，于2006年、2012年和2018年进行了多次调查。该调查追踪了超过25年的家庭和个人数据，已成为研究埃及劳动力市场、人力资源发展、移民、家庭形成和社会保护等领域的重要数据基础。2023年，计划和发展部、CAPMAS和ERF签署了一份三方谅解备忘录，以进行第五轮（2023年）ELMPS调查。

第五轮ELMPs利用ELMPS面板研究埃及劳动力市场如何受到COVID-19大流行及其后埃及经济状况的影响。问卷在先前各轮问卷的基础上进行了扩展，这将便于数据的可比性。ELMPS系列涵盖了诸如父母背景、教育、住房、服务获取、居住流动性、移民和汇款、时间利用、婚姻模式和成本、生育、女性决策和赋权、就业动态、储蓄和借贷行为、家庭企业和农场运作等主题，除了在典型劳动力市场调查中关注的就业、失业和收入问题。最近的ELMPS还提供了有关健康、性别角色态度、食品安全、危险工作、社区基础设施、住房成本以及关于脆弱性、应对策略和社会安全网项目获取的具体问题的信息。从2023年开始，时间利用模块中包括青少年和10岁及以上的成年人全天时间使用日记，以及6至9岁儿童的简短总结版。

除了调查的纵向设计，允许研究各种现象随时间的变化外，调查还包含大量关于教育、居住流动性、工作、婚姻和生育等重大生活事件发生时间的追溯性问题。调查提供了关于出生地和后续居住地以及个人轨迹各个阶段所就读学校和大学的详细信息，从而使得个人记录可以与其他数据源中关于个人居住的地理环境和所就读的教育机构的信息相链接。

2023年，对COVID-19的影响以及埃及劳动力市场的紧迫问题进行了具体问题的添加，以及对绿色经济、数字/零工经济和技能的问题，这些对埃及的劳动力市场和政策具有重要意义。

ELMPS 2023共捕获了70,636名个人和17,784个家庭。其中，50,268名个人和13,565个家庭从2018年追踪至2023年。

劳动力市场面板调查系列（LMPS）还包括约旦的两轮调查（JLMPS 2010和2016年）、突尼斯的一轮调查（TLMPS 2014年）和苏丹的一轮调查（SLMPS 2022年）。

更多信息，请参阅：Assaad, R. 和 C. Krafft. 2024. 介绍2023年埃及劳动力市场面板调查。ERF工作论文No. 1748。
https://erf.org.eg/publications/introducing-the-egypt-labor-market-panel-survey-2023/

地理覆盖范围
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区域：

<td>地区：
<tr><td>开罗大区
<tr><td>亚历山大和苏伊士运河区
<tr><td>下埃及城市
<tr><td>上埃及城市
<tr><td>下埃及农村
<tr><td>上埃及农村

分析单位
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1- 家庭。
2- 个人。
3- 企业。

总体
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调查覆盖了全国范围内的家庭及其6岁及以上成员。此外，还包括家庭经营的企业。

数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]

抽样程序
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作为一个纵向调查，ELMPS试图追踪先前波次中包含的家庭，并采访所有剩余和新成员。调查还试图定位在波次之间可能从这些家庭中分离出来的人，并尝试采访他们，以及任何在形成的或加入的家庭中找到的其他个人。

在2018年，共有15,746个家庭进行实地调查。其中，13,565个（86.1%）在2023年成功重新联系。这些找到的家庭可能从2018年到2023年已经搬迁或组成不同，但在2023年至少找到了2018年的家庭和至少一名成员。在尽可能的情况下，当一个家庭不在其2018年的位置时，会从邻居那里收集信息，并使用他们的2018年电话号码尝试联系和定位他们。

在某些情况下，我们知道整个家庭已经离开国家或样本框架（例如，搬入集体住房，如宿舍或监狱，或边境地区）。2023年发生了171个家庭的情况（2018年样本的1.1%）。同样，对于139个家庭，整个家庭已知的死亡（2018年样本的0.9%）。

离开样本框架和所有成员死亡被视为“自然流失” - 如果创建一个新的随机样本，这些面板个人在2023年将不会在样本框架中。这些自然流失的家庭被排除在我们的流失率计算和流失模型之外。类型I流失包括无法联系或无法完成的家庭（2018年家庭中的1,475个，占所有家庭的9.4%）或拒绝的（396个家庭，占所有家庭的2.5%）。因此，类型I流失率为12.1%。

在2018年的61,231个个人中，54,252个在2018年是当时在2023年找到的家庭的成员。其中，绝大多数（47,782，占88.1%）这些个人仍然在其原始家庭中。在6,470个不再在其家庭中的个人中，2,277个（原始样本的4.2%）因自然流失而丢失。其中，1,523个（占2.8%）死亡，706个（占1.3%）移民或离开样本框架的地理范围，48个（占0.1%）搬入集体住房。

在4,193个（在样本框架中找到的家庭的7.7%）形成或搬入样本框架内新家庭的人中，形成了3,682个家庭。因此，分家家庭平均有1.14个2018年的人员（加上任何新成员）。由于我们的抽样框架基于家庭，我们跟踪这些分家家庭，并尝试根据他们在2023年实地调查期间在原始家庭中仍在的成员提供的信息，在他们的新位置与他们取得联系。在3,682个分家家庭中，我们联系了2,171个，但1,501个流失。这种模式产生了一个类型II流失率为40.8%。

在调查的每一轮中，都会添加2,000-3,000个家庭的补充样本，以保持整体样本的代表性，并允许更深入地研究感兴趣的现象。

ELMPS 2023添加了一个全国代表性的补充样本，就像所有以前的轮次一样。补充样本是一个分层聚类样本。补充样本在200个一级抽样单元（PSU）中按地区和城市/农村进行分层执行。尽管埃及主要是农村地区，但ELMPS 2023对城市地区进行了过度抽样，以确保在这些更具经济多样性的劳动力市场中有一个足够的样本量。因此，采样了120个城市PSU和80个农村PSU。在分配每个地区/地区层中的PSU数量后，PSU按规模随机选择。实际实现的补充样本为2,036个家庭。

更多信息，请参阅：Assaad, R. 和 C. Krafft. 2024. 介绍2023年埃及劳动力市场面板调查。ERF工作论文No. 1748。
https://erf.org.eg/publications/introducing-the-egypt-labor-market-panel-survey-2023/

数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]

研究工具
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2023年ELMPS波次的问卷在先前各轮问卷的基础上进行了扩展，这些问卷在Assaad和Krafft（2013）以及Krafft、Assaad和Rahman（2021）中进行了描述。

有关问卷的更多详细信息，请参阅
https://erf.org.eg/publications/egypt-labor-market-panel-survey-introducing-2012-round/
https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/izajodm-2021-0012

2023年的波次有两个主要问卷，一个家庭问卷和一个个人问卷。这两个问卷中的模块包括；

A）家庭问卷包括；统计识别；追踪分裂，个人名单；住房信息；当前移民；个人转移；其他收入来源；冲击和应对；家庭非农活动；农业资产：土地；农业资产：牲畜/家禽；农业资产：设备；农作物和其他农业收入。

B）个人问卷包括；统计识别；居住流动性；父亲的特征；母亲的特征；兄弟姐妹；健康；教育；过去七天生存与家务工作；过去七天就业；失业；过去三个月就业；主要工作的特征；第二份工作；劳动力市场历史；婚姻；生育；女性就业；收入；第二份工作的收入；返程移民；信息技术；储蓄与借贷和态度。

在2023年，个人问卷中增加了三个全新的模块，包括一个关于技能的模块和一个关于时间利用的模块，我们将进一步描述。在个人问卷中，“培训”模块增加了关于特定培训经历的问题（包括实习和学徒，以及在线技能获取）。
“工作特征”模块增加了关于当前工作技能要求的问题，试图检测绿色工作，评估自COVID-19大流行以来的工作变化，检测对工作变化的兴趣，并衡量对远程工作的偏好。
“信息技术”（IT）模块更新了包括使用新的数字支付形式和移动货币，以及过去24小时内用于不同IT目的的时间。
“态度”模块增加了关于生活满意度和对未来期望的问题，以及关于移民意向、冒险、耐心和安全感的问题。

有关ELMPS 2023问卷变化的更多详细信息，请参阅：Assaad, R. 和 C. Krafft. 2024. 介绍2023年埃及劳动力市场面板调查。ERF工作论文（待发表）。