Effects of pesticides on Apis cerana from passion fruit in Hainan island

The passion fruit not only has ornamental and edible value but also possesses certain medicinal properties, making it a highly popular tropical fruit. The use of pesticides during its cultivation, the quality and safety of the product, and its impact on wild insects in the ecological environment have always been topics of great concern to consumers. In this study, samples were collected from eight different regions of Hainan Island, including seven types of samples from passion fruit orchards and residual detection was conducted on 12 chemicals. The results showed that the pesticide detection rate of 12 chemicals ranged from 1.41% to 70.59%. Baoting region had the highest total pesticide detection rate (63.16%), with the highest detection rate of thiamethoxam residues, particularly during the first survey period (Time Point 1) (54.5%). The total pesticide detection rate was highest in passion fruit leaves, especially pyraclostrobin in the Time Point 1 (77.5%). Thiamethoxam residues were detected in all sample tissues, but no pesticide residues were detected in honey, and fluopimomide was not detected in all samples. Furthermore, The highest rate of thiamethoxam exceedance occurred in Baoting region especially during Time Point 1 (54.55%). The dietary intake risk assessment of passion fruit and honey is acceptable. Despite this, pesticide use affected honeybee colonies, with the Wuzhishan region most affected. The acute contact toxicity to Apis cerana of the four neonicotinoid insecticides measured showed that thiamethoxam had the highest toxicity, with a 48-hour LD50 value of 0.000754 μg a.i./bee, while acetamiprid had the lowest toxicity, with a 48-hour LD50 value of 0.225195 μg a.i./bee. The toxicity of the four tested neonicotinoid insecticides to adult A. cerana worker bees was all highly toxic. Therefore, it is recommended to use pesticides rationally during the passion fruit flowering period with caution to avoid harm to A. cerana pollination. These results ensure that the fruit consumed by consumers meets food safety standards. Additionally, testing the risk of pesticides to bees can assess the potential impact of pesticide use on bee populations, thereby taking measures to protect bees and maintain ecological balance.

passion fruit 不仅具有观赏和食用价值，更具备一定的药用特性，使其成为广受欢迎的热带水果。在种植过程中使用农药、产品的品质与安全性，以及对生态环境中野生昆虫的影响，一直是消费者关注的焦点。本研究从海南岛的八个不同区域采集样本，包括从七种不同类型的passion fruit果园中收集样本，并对12种化学物质进行了残留检测。结果显示，12种化学物质的农药检测率在1.41%至70.59%之间。保亭地区总农药检测率最高（63.16%），其中噻虫嗪残留物的检测率最高，尤其是在第一次调查期间（时间点1）（54.5%）。总农药检测率在passion fruit叶中最高，尤其是在时间点1的吡虫啉（77.5%）。噻虫嗪残留物在所有样本组织中均有检出，但在蜂蜜中未检出农药残留，且氟吡虫酰胺并未在所有样本中检出。此外，噻虫嗪超标率最高的地区为保亭地区，尤其是在时间点1（54.55%）。对passion fruit和蜂蜜的膳食摄入风险评估是可接受的。尽管如此，农药的使用影响了蜜蜂群体，其中五指山地区的影响最为严重。对四种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对中华蜜蜂（Apis cerana）的急性接触毒性进行测定，结果显示噻虫嗪的毒性最高，48小时LD50值为0.000754 μg a.i./bee，而乙基多杀菌素具有最低的毒性，48小时LD50值为0.225195 μg a.i./bee。四种测试的拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对成年A. cerana工蜂的毒性均为高度毒性。因此，建议在passion fruit开花期间合理使用农药，并谨慎行事，以避免对A. cerana授粉造成伤害。这些结果确保消费者食用的果实符合食品安全标准。此外，通过检测农药对蜜蜂的风险，可以评估农药使用对蜜蜂种群可能产生的影响，从而采取措施保护蜜蜂，维护生态平衡。