TABLE 1 in Early Oligocene palaeoenvironment and palaeoclimate of the eastern periphery of the North Sea based on high-resolution palynological studies of the Grabówka PIG- 1 borehole, northern Poland

TABLE 1. — Spores and pollen taxa, recorded in samples from the Grabówka PIG-1 borehole. Taxonomy,botanical affinity and palaeofloristical elements according to Stuchlik et al. (2001, 2002, 2009, 2014). The following palaeofloristical elements have been distinguished: “palaeotropical” (P), including “tropical” (P1) and “subtropical” (P2), and “arctotertiary” (A), including “warm-temperate” (A1) and “temperate” (A2), as well as cosmopolitan (P/A).
Fossil taxonBotanical affinityElementSpores of plants:Baculatisporites primarius (Wolff) Thomson & Pflug, 1953Osmundaceae: Osmunda Linnaeus, 1753P/ABaculatisporites sp.Osmundaceae: Osmunda Linnaeus, 1753P/ACamarozonosporites heskemensis (Pflanzl) Krutzsch, 1959Lycopodiaceae: Lycopodiella Holub, 1964PCamarozonosporites sp.Lycopodiaceae: Lycopodiella Holub, 1964PCicatricosisporites dorogensis Potonié & Gelletich, 1933SchizaeaceaePCorrugatisporites sp.LygodiaceaeP2Distancoraesporis sp.Sphagnaceae: Sphagnum Linnaeus, 1753P/ALaevigatosporites haardti (Potonié & Venitz) Thomson & Pflug, 1953 Polypodiaceae, Davalliaceae, and other fernsP/ALaevigatosporites sp.Polypodiaceae, Davalliaceae, and other fernsP/ALeiotriletes maxoides Krutzsch, 1962LygodiaceaePLeiotriletes neddenioides Krutzsch, 1962Lygodiaceae?, Cyatheaceae?PLeiotriletes wolffii Krutzsch, 1962LygodiaceaePLeiotriletes sp.Lygodiaceae and other fernsPMonoleiotriletes sp.fernsunknownNeogenisporis neogenicus Krutzsch, 1962p.p. GleicheniaceaeP1Neogenisporis sp.Gleicheniaceae, CyatheaceaeP1Polypodiaceoisporites sp.Schizaeaceae?, Dicksoniaceae?, Pteridaceae?,P/A1Cyatheaceae?Retitriletes annotinioides Krutzsch, 1963Lycopodiaceae: Lycopodium Linnaeus, 1753ARetitriletes lusaticus Krutzsch, 1963Lycopodiaceae: Lycopodium Linnaeus, 1753ARetitriletes sp.Lycopodiaceae: Lycopodium Linnaeus, 1753AStereisporites stereoides (Potonié & Venitz) Thomson & Pflug, 1953 Sphagnaceae: Sphagnum Linnaeus, 1753P/AStereisporites sp.Sphagnaceae: Sphagnum Linnaeus, 1753P/ATriplanosporites sp.unknownPVerrucatosporites sp.Davalliaceae, Polypodiaceae, and other fernsP/APollen grains of gymnosperms:Abiespollenites sp.Pinaceae: Abies Miller, 1768ACathayapollis erdtmanii (Sivak) Ziembińska-Tworzydło in StuchlikPinaceae: Cathaya Chun & Kuang, 1962A1et al. 2002Cathayapollis krutzschii (Sivak) Ziembińska-Tworzydło in StuchlikPinaceae: Cathaya Chun & Kuang, 1962A1et al., 2002Cathayapollis cf. pulaensis (Nagy) Ziembińska-Tworzydło in Stuchlik Pinaceae: Cathaya Chun & Kuang, 1962A1et al., 2002Cathayapollis sp.Pinaceae: Cathaya Chun & Kuang, 1962A1Cedripites sp.Pinaceae: Cedrus Trew, 1755A1Cunninghamiaepollenites sp.Cupressaceae: Cunninghamia R. Brown in L. C. Richard, 1826 A1Cupressacites sp.CupressaceaeA1Distachyapites eocenicus (Wodehouse) Grabowska & Ważyńska inEphedraceae: Ephedra Linnaeus, 1753AStuchlik et al., 2002Distachyapites sp.Ephedraceae: Ephedra Linnaeus, 1753AInaperturopollenites concedipites (Wodehouse) Krutzsch, 1971Cupressaceae: Taxodium Richard, 1810, GlyptostrobusP2/A1Endlicher, 1847Inaperturopollenites dubius (Potonié & Venitz) Thomson & Pflug,Cupressaceae: Taxodium Richard, 1810, GlyptostrobusP2/A11953Endlicher, 1847Inaperturopollenites verrupapilatus Trevisan, 1967Cupressaceae: Taxodium Richard, 1810, GlyptostrobusP2/A1Endlicher, 1847Keteleeriapollenites dubius (Khlonova) Słodkowska in Ziembińska-Pinaceae: Keteleeria Carrière, 1866A1Tworzydło et al., 1994Piceapollenites alatus Potonié ex Potonié, 1958PinaceaeP/APiceapollis planoides Krutzsch ex Hochuli, 1978Pinaceae: Picea Dietrich, 1824APiceapollis sp.Pinaceae: Picea Dietrich, 1824APinuspollenites labdacus (Potonié) Raatz ex Potonié, 1958Pinaceae: Pinus sylvestris Linnaeus, 1753 typeAPinuspollenites sp.Pinaceae: Pinus Linnaeus, 1753ASciadopityspollenites antiquus Krutzsch ex Planderová, 1990Sciadopityaceae: Sciadopitys Siebold & Zuccarini, 1842A1Sciadopityspollenites miniverrucatus Kohlman-Adamska in Stuchlik Sciadopityaceae: Sciadopitys Siebold & Zuccarini, 1842A1et al., 2002Sciadopityspollenites quintus Krutzsch ex Ziembińska-Tworzydło,Sciadopityaceae: Sciadopitys Siebold & Zuccarini, 1842A11974Sciadopityspollenites serratus (Potonié & Venitz) Raatz ex Potonié,Sciadopityaceae: Sciadopitys Siebold & Zuccarini, 1842A11958Sciadopityspollenites varius Krutzsch ex Ziembińska-Tworzydło, 1974 Sciadopityaceae: Sciadopitys Siebold & Zuccarini, 1842A1Sciadopityspollenites verticillatiformis (Zauer) Krutzsch, 1971Sciadopityaceae: Sciadopitys Siebold & Zuccarini, 1842A1Sciadopityspollenites sp.Sciadopityaceae: Sciadopitys Siebold & Zuccarini, 1842A1Sequoiapollenites gracilis Krutzsch, 1971Cupressaceae: Sequoia Endlicher, 1847, SequoiadendronA1Buchholz, 1939, Metasequoia Hu & Cheng, 1948,Cryptomeria Don, 1838Sequoiapollenites major Krutzsch, 1971Cupressaceae: Sequoia Endlicher, 1847, SequoiadendronA1Buchholz, 1939, Metasequoia Hu & Cheng, 1948,Cryptomeria Don, 1838Sequoiapollenites megaligulus Krutzsch, 1971Cupressaceae, incl. Sequoiadendron Buchholz, 1939A1Sequoiapollenites rugulus Krutzsch, 1971Cupressaceae: Sequoia Endlicher, 1847, SequoiadendronA1Buchholz, 1939, Metasequoia Hu & Cheng, 1948Sequoiapollenites sp.Cupressaceae: Sequoia Endlicher, 1847, SequoiadendronA1Buchholz, 1939, Metasequoia Hu & Cheng, 1948,Cryptomeria Don, 1838Zonalapollenites verrucatus Krutzsch exPinaceae: Tsuga (Endlicher) Carrière, 1855AZiembińska-Tworzydło, 1974Zonalapollenites sp.Pinaceae: Tsuga (Endlicher) Carrière, 1855APollen grains of angiosperms:Aceripollenites striatus (Pflug) Thiele-Pfeiffer, 1980Sapindaceae: Acer Linnaeus, 1753A1Aceripollenites sp.Sapindaceae: Acer Linnaeus, 1753AAglaoreidia cyclops Erdtman, 1960Sparganiaceae?, Potamogetonaceae?, Ruppiaceae?PAlnipollenites metaplasmus (Potonié) Potonié, 1960Betulaceae: Alnus Miller, 1754AAlnipollenites verus Potonié, 1931Betulaceae: Alnus Miller, 1754P2/AAraliaceoipollenites euphorii (Potonié) Potonié ex Potonié, 1960AraliaceaeP/A1Araliaceoipollenites sp.AraliaceaeP/A1Arecipites convexus (Thiergart) Krutzsch, 1970ArecaceaeP/A1Arecipites minireticulatus Kohlman-Adamska & Ziembińska-ArecaceaeP/A1Tworzydło in Stuchlik et al., 2014Arecipites pseudoconvexus Krutzsch, 1970Amaryllidaceae, Araceae, ArecaceaeP2/A1Arecipites sp.Araceae, Arecaceae, ButomaceaeP/ABoehlensipollis hohli Krutzsch, 1962Elaeagnaceae?, Lythraceae?P2/A1Caprifoliipites viburnoides (Gruas-Cavagnetto) Kohlman-AdamskaAdoxaceae: Viburnum Linnaeus, 1753P/A1in Ziembińska-Tworzydło et al., 1994Caprifoliipites sp.Adoxaceae: Sambucus Linnaeus, 1753, ViburnumP2/A1Linnaeus, 1753Carpinipites carpinoides (Pflug) Nagy, 1985Betulaceae: Carpinus Linnaeus, 1753P2/A1Caryapollenites simplex (Potonié) Raatz ex Potonié, 1960Juglandaceae: Carya Nuttall, 1818A1Caryapollenites triangulus (Pflug) Krutzsch, 1961Juglandaceae: Carya Nuttall, 1818PCeltipollenites sp.Ulmaceae: Celtis Linnaeus, 1753P/A1Cercidiphyllites minimireticulatus (Trevisan) Ziembińska-TworzydłoCercidiphyllaceae: Cercidiphyllum Siebold & Zuccarini,A1in Ziembińska-Tworzydło et al., 19941846Chenopodipollis sp.Amaranthaceae (incl. Chenopodiaceae)P/ACornaceaepollis major (Stuchlik) Stuchlik ex Jansonius et al., 1998Cornaceae: Cornus Linnaeus, 1753P/ACornaceaepollis satzveyensis (Pflug) Ziembińska-Tworzydło exMastixiaceae: Mastixia Blume, 1826P1Jansonius et al., 1998Cornaceaepollis sp.Cornaceae: Cornus Linnaeus, 1753P/ACorsinipollenites sp.OnagraceaeP/ACorylopsispollenites microreticulatus E. Worobiec in Stuchlik et al.,Hamamelidaceae: Corylopsis Siebold & Zuccarini, 1835A12014Cupanieidites eucalyptoides Krutzsch, 1962Myrtaceae?, Sapindaceae?P/A1Cupuliferoipollenites oviformis (Potonié) Potonié ex Potonié, 1960Fagaceae: Castaneoideae: Castanea Miller, 1754,P2/A1Castanopsis (Don) Spach, 1841, Lithocarpus Blume, 1826Cupuliferoipollenites pusillus (Potonié) Potonié ex Potonié, 1960Fagaceae: Castaneoideae: Castanea Miller, 1754,P2/A1Castanopsis (Don) Spach, 1841, Lithocarpus Blume, 1826Cyperaceaepollis neogenicus Krutzsch, 1970CyperaceaeP/ACyrillaceaepollenites brühlensis (Thomson) Durska in Stuchlik et al., Cyrillaceae, ClethraceaeP2014Cyrillaceaepollenites exactus (Potonié) Potonié, 1960Cyrillaceae, ClethraceaePCyrillaceaepollenites megaexactus (Potonié) Potonié, 1960Cyrillaceae, ClethraceaePDicolpopollis sp.ArecaceaePDicolporopollis middendorfii (Potonié) Krutzsch, 1961unknownunknownEdmundipollis sp.Cornaceae, Mastixiaceae, AraliaceaeP/AEricipites callidus (Potonié) Krutzsch, 1970EricaceaeAEricipites ericius (Potonié) Potonié, 1960EricaceaeAEricipites triangulus Grabowska in Stuchlik et al., 2014EricaceaeAEricipites sp.EricaceaeAFaguspollenites sp.Fagaceae: Fagus Linnaeus, 1753AFraxinipollis sp.Oleaceae: Fraxinus Linnaeus, 1753AFususpollenites fusus (Potonié) Kedves, 1978Fagaceae: Trigonobalanus Forman, 1962 s.l.P1(incl. Colombobalanus Nixon & Crepet, 1989)Graminidites sp.Poaceae: PooideaeP/AIlexpollenites iliacus (Potonié) Thiergart ex Potonié, 1960Aquifoliaceae: Ilex Linnaeus, 1753P/A1Ilexpollenites margaritatus (Potonié) Thiergart, 1938Aquifoliaceae: Ilex Linnaeus, 1753P2Intratriporopollenites insculptus Mai, 1961Malvaceae: Brownlowioideae, TilioideaeP/A1Intratriporopollenites sp.Malvaceae: Brownlowioideae, TilioideaeP/AJuglanspollenites sp.Juglandaceae: Juglans Linnaeus, 1753A1Magnoliaepollenites sp.Magnoliaceae: Magnolia Linnaeus, 1753P/A1Meliaceoidites sp.MeliaceaePMilfordia hypolaenoides Erdtman, 1960Restionaceae, CentrolepidaceaePMilfordia miocaenica Grabowska & Słodkowska in Stuchlik et al., 2009 Restionaceae, CentrolepidaceaePMomipites punctatus (Potonié) Nagy, 1969Juglandaceae: Engelhardioideae: EngelhardiaP2Leschenault & Blume, 1826, Alfaroa Standley, 1927,Oreomunnea Oersted, 1856Momipites quietus (Potonié) Nichols, 1973Juglandaceae: Engelhardioideae: EngelhardiaPLeschenault & Blume, 1826, Alfaroa Standley, 1927,Oreomunnea Oersted, 1856Myricipites bituitus (Potonié) Nagy, 1969Myricaceae: Myrica Linnaeus, 1753P2/A1Myricipites megabituitus (Pflug) Grabowska & Ważyńska in Stuchlik Myricaceae: Myrica Linnaeus, 1753P2/A1et al., 2009Myricipites myricoides (Kremp) Nagy, 1969MyricaceaeP2/A1Myricipites sp.MyricaceaeP2/AMyrtaceidites myrtiformis Simoncsics, 1964MyrtaceaeP/A1Nyssapollenites analepticus (Potonié) Potonié ex Planderová, 1990 Nyssaceae: Nyssa Linnaeus, 1753P/A1Nyssapollenites contortus (Pflug & Thomson) Nagy, 1985Nyssaceae: Nyssa Linnaeus, 1753P2/A1Nyssapollenites sp.Nyssaceae: Nyssa Linnaeus, 1753P/A1Nyssoidites rodderensis Thiergart ex Potonié, 1960Nyssaceae: Nyssa Linnaeus, 1753P/A1Oleoidearumpollenites microreticulatus (Pflug & Thomson)OleaceaeP2/A1Ziembińska-Tworzydło in Ziembińska-Tworzydło et al., 1994Oleoidearumpollenites reticulatus Nagy, 1969OleaceaeP2/A1Oleoidearumpollenites sp.OleaceaeP2/A1Oligopollis andreanus (Bruch) Durska in Stuchlik et al., 2014unknownunknownParthenopollenites marcodurensis (Pflug & Thomson) Traverse, 1994 VitaceaeP/A1Periporopollenites orientaliformis (Nagy) Kohlman-Adamska &Altingiaceae: Liquidambar Linnaeus, 1753A1Ziembińska-Tworzydło in Stuchlik et al., 2009Periporopollenites stigmosus (Potonié) Thomson & Pflug, 1953Altingiaceae: Liquidambar Linnaeus, 1753A1Platanipollis ipelensis (Pacltová) Grabowska in Ziembińska-Platanaceae: Platanus Linnaeus, 1753P/A1Tworzydło et al., 1994Platycaryapollenites sp.Juglandaceae: Platycarya Siebold & Zuccarini, 1843P2/A1Polyatriopollenites stellatus (Potonié) Pflug, 1953Juglandaceae: Pterocarya Kunth, 1824A1Polyatriopollenites sp.Juglandaceae: Pterocarya Kunth, 1824A1Quercoidites henricii (Potonié) Potonié, Thomson & ThiergartFagaceae: Quercus Linnaeus, 1753P2/A1ex Potonié, 1960Quercoidites microhenricii (Potonié) Potonié, Thomson & ThiergartFagaceae: QuercoideaeP2/A1ex Potonié, 1960Quercopollenites sp.Fagaceae: Quercus Linnaeus, 1753A1Reevesiapollis microreticulatus Krutzsch, 2004Malvaceae: Reevesia Lindley, 1827PReevesiapollis sp.Malvaceae: Reevesia Lindley, 1827PRestioniidites minimus (Krutzsch) Kedves, 1974Restionaceae, Centrolepidaceae, FlagellariaceaePRutacearumpollenites rutaceoides Kohlman-Adamska &RutaceaeP/A1Ziembińska-Tworzydło in Stuchlik et al., 2014Salixipollenites gracilis Durska in Stuchlik et al., 2014Salicaceae: Salix Linnaeus, 1753A1Salixipollenites sp.Salicaceae: Salix Linnaeus, 1753ASapotaceoidaepollenites manifestus (Potonié) Potonié, Thomson &SapotaceaePThiergart ex Potonié, 1960Sapotaceoidaepollenites obscurus (Pflug & Thomson) Nagy, 1969SapotaceaePSapotaceoidaepollenites sp.SapotaceaePSparganiaceaepollenites sp.Sparganiaceae, TyphaceaeP/ASpinulaepollis arceuthobioides Krutzsch, 1962Santalaceae: Arceuthobium M. Bieb., 1819P2/A1Subtriporopollenites sp.Juglandaceae?PSymplocoipollenites calauensis (Krutzsch) Grabowska in StuchlikSymplocaceae: Symplocos Jacquin, 1760Pet al., 2014Symplocoipollenites sp.Symplocaceae: Symplocos Jacquin, 1760PTetracolporopollenites sapotoides Pflug & Thomson in Thomson &SapotaceaePPflug, 1953Tetracolporopollenites sp.Meliaceae?, Sapotaceae?PTricolporopollenites dolium (Potonié) Thomson & Pflug, 1953Fagaceae?unknownTricolporopollenites fallax (Potonié) Krutzsch in Krutzsch et al., 1960 FabaceaeP/ATricolporopollenites liblarensis (Thomson) Hochuli, 1978FabaceaeP/ATricolporopollenites quisqualis (Potonié) Krutzsch, 1954FabaceaeP/ATricolporopollenites pseudocingulum (Potonié) Thomson & Pflug, 1953 Fagaceae?, Styracaceae?P/A1Tricolporopollenites staresedloensis Krutzsch & PacltováHamamelidaceaeP2in Krutzsch, 1969Tricolporopollenites villensis (Thomson) Thomson & Pflug, 1953Fagaceae?unknownTricolporopollenites sp.Fagaceae?unknownTriporopollenites megagranifer (Potonié) Thomson & Pflug, 1953Betulaceae?, Ulmaceae?P2/A1Triporopollenites undulatus Pflug in Thomson & Pflug, 1953unknownP1Trivestibulopollenites betuloides Pflug in Thomson & Pflug, 1953Betulaceae: Betula Linnaeus, 1753AUlmipollenites stillatus Nagy, 1969Ulmaceae: Ulmus Linnaeus, 1753AUlmipollenites undulosus Wolff, 1934Ulmaceae: Ulmus Linnaeus, 1753A2Vitispollenites tener Thiele-Pfeiffer, 1980Vitaceae: Vitis Linnaeus, 1753P2/A1Zelkovaepollenites sp.Ulmaceae: Zelkova Spach, 1841A1