Results of Mantel and partial Mantel tests.

Cells contain r scores and shaded cells indicate statistical significance at P < 0.001. Mantel tests are between landscape variables (including geographic distance) and Rousset’s a, and between landscape variables and geographic distance. Partial Mantel tests are between landscape variables and Rousset’s a, after accounting for geographic distance. The number of Type I error simulations (out of 100) showing significance is indicated for each partial Mantel test.