Labor Force Survey 2007 - Philippines

Abstract
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The LFS aims to provide a quantitative framework for the preparation of plans and formulation of policies affecting the labor market. Specifically, the survey is designed to provide statistics on levels and trends of employment, unemployment and underemployment for the country as a whole, and for each of the administrative regions, including provinces and key cities.

Importance of LFS
a. It provides a quantitative framework for the preparation of plans and formulation of policies affecting the labor market towards
1) creation and generation of gainful employment and livelihood opportunities
2) reduction of unemployment and promotion of employment
3) improvement of working conditions
4) enhancement of the welfare of a working man
b. It provides statistics on levels and trends of employment and unemployment and underemployment for the country and regions;
c. It is used for the projection of future manpower, which when compared with the future manpower requirements, will help identify employment and training needs;
d. It helps in the assessment of the potential manpower available for economic development; and
e. It identifies the differences in employment, unemployment, and underemployment according to the different economic, social and ethnic groups existing within the population.

Geographic coverage
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The geographic coverage consists of the country's 17 administrative regions defined in Executive Order (EO) 36 and 131. The 17 regions are:

National Capital Region (NCR)
Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)
Region I - Ilocos
Region II - Cagayan Valley
Region III - Central Luzon
Region IV-A - CALABARZON
Region IV-B - MIMAROPA
Region V - Bicol
Region VI - Western Visayas
Region VII - Central Visayas
Region VIII - Eastern Visayas
Region IX - Zamboanga Peninsula
Region X - Northern Mindanao
Region XI - Davao
Region XII - SOCCSKSARGEN
Region XIII - Caraga
Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM)

Analysis unit
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The unit of analysis is the Individual (Household survey).

Universe
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The LFS has as its target population, all households and members of households nationwide. A household is defined as an aggregate of persons, generally but not necessarily bound by ties of kinship, who live together under the same roof and eat together or share in common the household food. Household membership comprises the head of the household, relatives living with him such as his or her spouse, children, parent, brother or sister, son-in-law or daughter-in-law, grandson or granddaughter, and other relatives. Household membership likewise includes boarders, domestic helpers and non-relatives. A person who lives alone is considered a separate household.

Since the reporting unit is the household, the statistics emanating from this survey will refer to the characteristics of the population residing in private households. Persons who reside in the institutions are not within the scope of the survey. Also excluded in the target population are households in the least accessible barangays (LABs). A barangay is classified as LAB if: (a) it requires more than eight hours walk from the last vehicle station; and/or, (b) the frequency of transportation is less than three times a week and the cost of a one-way trip is more than five hundred pesos. A total of 350 barangays were classified as LABs. This number accounts for only 0.83 percent of the total number of barangays in the country. The total number of households in these areas account for only 0.38 percent of the total number of households surveyed.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The sampling design of the LFS uses the sampling design of the 2003 Master Sample (MS) for Household Survey that started July 2003.

Sampling Frame
As in previous household surveys, the 2003 MS used an area sample design. The Enumeration Area Reference File (EARF) of the 2000 Census of Population and Housing (CPH) was utilized as sampling frame. The EARF contains the number of households by enumeration area (EA) in each barangay.

With the conduct of the 2003 Listing of Households, the number of households of the selected sampled EA from the CPH EA lists were updated and the sample sizes that were initially generated where subsequently adjusted.

Stratification Scheme
Prior to sample selection, the PSUs in each domain were stratified as follows:
a) Proportion of strong houses (PSTRONG). PSTRONG is defined to be the percentage of housing units occupied by households that are classified as made of strong materials in terms of both the roof and outer walls, based on the data from the 2000 CPH. A roof is considered made of strong material if it is made of either galvanized iron, aluminum, concrete/clay tile, half galvanized-half concrete, or asbestos. The outer wall is considered made of strong material if it is made of concrete, brick, stone, wood, half concrete-half wood, galvanized iron, asbestos, glass.
b) A variable labeled AGRI. An initial variable is an indicator variable computed at the barangay level. That variable has the value 1 if more than 50 percent of the households in the barangay are engaged in agriculture or fisheries and 0 otherwise, based on the 2000 CPH Barangay Schedule. To obtain a measure at the PSU level, a weighted average of the barangay indicator variable was computed for all the barangays within the PSU, weighted by the total number of households, in the barangay. Thus, the 1 value of AGRI at the PSU level lies between 0 and 1.

c) Per capita income (PER CAPITA). PERCAPITA is defined as the total income of the municipality divided by the total population in that municipality. Note that the PERCAPITA value of the PSUs is the same if the PSUs are in the same municipality. The municipal income used was the 2000 municipal income sourced from the De4partment of Finance. If the 2000 municipal income was not reported to the Bureau of Local Government Finance (BLGF), 2001 income was used. If no 2000 or 2001 municipal income was reported, the median income of the municipal class of the municipality was used.

Sample Selection

The sample design is an epsem in each region (Equal Probability Selection for each Member). Given the overall sample, the number of PSUs, EAs and Housing Units (HUs) were determined so that the epsem property within region was preserved.

The PSUs were selected with probability proportional to some estimated measure of size (PPES). Since PSUs vary considerably in size, PSUs were identified as certainty and non-certainty PSUs. Each PSU which was selected with certainty (selection probability is greater than 1) was treated as a separate stratum. In each certainty selection, sample EAs were selected with PPES in each sampled PSU; and housing units (HU) were selected with equal probability in each sampled EA.

A housing unit is structurally separate and independent place of abode which by the way it has been constructed, converted, or arranged, is intended for habitation by a household. It may contain more than one household. In the 2000 CPH, about two percent of the total household population consist of two or more households.

For non-certainty selection, PSUs were sampled from a set of strata defined for each domain. In each domain, these PSUs were grouped into strata by province, Highy Urbanized Cities (HUC) or Independent Component Cities (ICCs). To further improve on the precision of the estimates, PSUs within province/HU/ICC stratum were further stratified with respect to some socio-economic variables that were associated with poverty.

Within each selected PSUs, EAs were selected with probability proportional to size and households with equal probability within selected EAs.

In each HU, all households were selected. However, for operational considerations, only 3 households will be selected with equal probability in HU consisting of more than 3 households.

Sample Size

The 2003 Master Sample consist of a sample of 2,835 PSUs of which 330 were certainty PSUs and 2,505 were non certainty PSUs. The number of households for the 2000 CPH was used as measure of size. The entire MS was divided into four sub-sample or independent replicates, such as a quarter sample contains one fourth of the PSUs found in one replicate; a half-sample contains one-half of the PSUs in two replicates.

For the purpose of the master sample, the sample EAs selected with certainty were classified as sub-sample of replicate 0, and all the non-certainty PSUs were classified in any of the sub-samples 1, 2, 3 and 4.

Sampling deviation
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Replacement of sample households is allowed only if the respondent to LFS cannot be contracted after 3 callbacks. If the sample household moved out from the sample barangay and can no longer be located then the replacement should be the household currently residing in the housing unit previously occupied by the original sample. If no household currently residing in the aforementioned housing unit then a replacement may be selected from among the neighbors who has the closest socio-economic and demographic characteristics as the original sample household. Household members who are identified as eligible respondents but cannot be interviewed should never be replaced.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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* ISH FORM 2 is a four-page, forty five-column questionnaire that is being used in the quarterly rounds of the Laor Force Survey nationwide. This questionnaire gathers data on the demographic and economic characteristics of the population.
* On the first page of the questionnaire, the particulars about the geographic location, design codes and household auxiliary information of the sample household that is being interviewed are to be recorded. Certifications by the enumerator and his supervisor regarding the manner by which the data are collected are likewise to be made on this page.
* The inside pages of the questionnaire contain the items to be determined about each member of the sample household. Items 3 to 10 are for the demographic characteristics; columns 2 to 7 are to be ascertained of all members of the household regardless of age. Items 8 to 45, on the other hand, are the series of items that will be asked of all the members 5 years of age or over to determine their labor force and employment characteristics.
* Most of the questions have pre-coded responses. The possible answers with their corresponding codes are printed at the bottom of the page for easy reference. Only the appropriate codes need to be entered in the cells.
* Other items, however, require write-in entries such as column 11 (main activity), column 15 and 29 (primary and other occupation), etc. For such items, it is required that the enumerator describes the main activity or occupation, etc.

The questionnaire used was the revised version as of January 2001 with inclusion on salaries and wages, new entrants, other occupation among others.

Cleaning operations
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Data processing involves two stages: manual processing and machine processing. Manual processing refers to the manual editing and coding of questionnaires. This is done prior to machine processing that entails code validation, consistency checks as well as tabulation. Enumeration is a very complex operation and oftentimes it happens that accomplished questionnaires have some omissions and implausible or inconsistent entries. Editing is meant to correct these errors. For purposes of operational convenience, field editing is usually done. The interviewers are required to review the entries at the end of the end of each interview. Blank items that are applicable to the respondents are verified and filled out. Before being transmitted to the regional office, all questionnaires are edited in the field offices. There were general instructions followed in the editing laid in the Processing Manual provided as a guide for the data processors.

Response rate
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Response Rates

A total of 45,497 households were selected for the January 2007 LFS. Of this total, 42,928 were considered eligible households where 94.8 percent or 40,689 households responded.

Among the regions, Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao had the highest response rate of 97.2 percent. National Capital Region registered the lowest response rate of 97.2 percent.

Region Response Rate

Philippines 94.8
National Capital Region 92.7
Cordillera Aministrative Region 96.8
I - Ilocos Region 95.8
II - Cagayan Valley 95.6
III - Central LUzon 95.5
IVA - CALABARZON 94.3
IVB - MIMAROPA 93.6
V - Bicol Region 96.3
VI - Western Visayas 96.0
VII - Central Visayas 94.1
VIII - Eastern Visayas 94.7
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 94.0
X - Northern Mindanao 93.4
XI - Davao Region 95.3
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 94.9
XIII - Caraga 93.2
Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao 97.2

Data appraisal
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Results of the survey can be viewed in http://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2007/lf0701tx.html

摘要
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劳动力市场统计框架（LFS）旨在为劳动力市场影响的计划制定和政策制定提供一个量化的框架。具体而言，该调查旨在为整个国家以及各个行政区域（包括省份和重点城市）的就业、失业和低就业水平提供统计数据。

LFS的重要性
a. 它为以下方面的劳动力市场影响的计划制定和政策制定提供了一个量化的框架：
1) 创造和生成有偿就业和生计机会
2) 减少失业和促进就业
3) 改善工作条件
4) 提高劳动者的福利
b. 它提供了关于国家和地区的就业、失业和低就业水平的水平和趋势的统计数据；
c. 它用于预测未来的人力资源，当与未来的人力资源需求相比时，有助于确定就业和培训需求；
d. 它有助于评估可用于经济发展的潜在人力资源；
e. 它确定了存在于人口中的不同经济、社会和民族群体之间的就业、失业和低就业差异。

地理覆盖范围
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地理覆盖范围包括由行政命令（EO）36和131定义的该国17个行政区域。这17个区域包括：

国家首都地区（NCR）、科迪勒拉行政区（CAR）、Ilocos地区I、Cagayan Valley地区II、Central Luzon地区III、CALABARZON地区IV-A、MIMAROPA地区IV-B、Bicol地区V、Western Visayas地区VI、Central Visayas地区VII、Eastern Visayas地区VIII、Zamboanga Peninsula地区IX、Northern Mindanao地区X、Davao地区XI、SOCCSKSARGEN地区XII、Caraga地区XIII、穆斯林 Mindanao 自治区（ARMM）。

分析单位
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分析单位是个人（家庭调查）。

总体
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LFS的目标总体是全国范围内的所有家庭及其成员。家庭被定义为居住在同一屋顶下并共同进食或共同分享家庭食物的一群人，他们通常但并不一定由血缘关系所束缚。家庭成员包括家庭户主、与他或她同住的家庭成员，如配偶、子女、父母、兄弟姐妹、女婿或儿媳、孙辈或孙女，以及其他亲属。家庭成员还包括寄宿者、家庭帮工和非亲属。独居的人被视为一个单独的家庭。

由于报告单位是家庭，因此该调查产生的统计数据将参考居住在私人家庭中的人口的特征。居住在机构中的人不在调查范围内。目标总体中不包括最难以到达的村庄（LAB）。如果一个村庄被归类为LAB，那么：
(a) 它需要超过八小时的步行时间才能到达最后一个车站；并且/或
(b) 交通运输的频率少于每周三次，且单程旅费超过五百比索。共有350个村庄被归类为LAB。这个数字只占该国所有村庄总数的0.83%。这些地区的家庭总数只占调查的家庭总数的0.38%。

数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]

抽样程序
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LFS的抽样设计使用了2003年主样本（MS）的家庭调查抽样设计，该设计始于2003年7月。

抽样框架
与先前的家庭调查一样，2003年MS使用了区域样本设计。2000年人口和住房普查（CPH）的枚举区域参考文件（EARF）被用作抽样框架。EARF包含每个村庄的枚举区域（EA）的家庭数量。

在实施2003年家庭名录时，从CPH EA名单中选择的抽样EA的家庭数量得到了更新，并且最初生成的样本量随后进行了调整。

分层方案
在样本选择之前，每个领域的PSU被按以下方式分层：
a) 强房屋比例（PSTRONG）。PSTRONG被定义为根据屋顶和外墙的建筑材料分类的家庭所占用房屋单位的百分比，基于2000年CPH的数据。如果屋顶由镀锌铁、铝、混凝土/瓦片、半镀锌-半混凝土或石棉制成，则认为屋顶由强材料制成。如果外墙由混凝土、砖、石头、木材、半混凝土-半木材、镀锌铁、石棉或玻璃制成，则认为外墙由强材料制成。
b) 标记为AGRI的变量。一个初始变量是在村庄级别计算出的指示变量。该变量在村庄级别的值为1，如果村庄中超过50%的家庭从事农业或渔业，否则为0，根据2000年CPH村庄计划。

样本选择
样本设计是在每个地区（每个成员的等概率选择）。在总体样本中，确定了PSU、EA和住房单元（HU）的数量，以便在地区内保留epsem属性。

PSU是根据与一些估计规模测量值成比例的概率（PPES）选择的。由于PSU的大小差异很大，因此PSU被确定为确定性和非确定性PSU。每个以确定性方式选择的PSU（选择概率大于1）被视为一个单独的层。在每个确定性选择中，样本EA在每个抽样PSU中按PPES选择；并且在每个抽样EA中按等概率选择住房单元（HU）。

样本量
2003年主样本包括2,835个PSU的样本，其中330个是确定性PSU，2,505个是非确定性PSU。2000年CPH的家庭数量被用作规模测量值。

抽样偏差
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只有在LFS的受访者无法在3次回访后联系到的情况下，才允许替换样本家庭。如果样本家庭从样本村庄搬出并且无法再找到，那么替换应该是目前居住在原样本曾经居住的住房单元中的家庭。如果没有家庭目前居住在上述住房单元中，则可以从与原样本具有最接近的社会经济和人口统计特征的邻居中选择替换。

数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]

研究工具
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* ISH FORM 2是一份四页、四十五列的问卷，在全国劳动力市场调查的季度轮次中使用。该问卷收集了关于人口的人口和经济特征的数据。
* 在问卷的第一页上，应记录被采访样本家庭的地理位置、设计代码和家庭辅助信息。同样，调查员及其主管应在本页上对收集数据的方式进行认证。
* 问卷的内页包含关于样本家庭每个成员要确定的项目。第3至10项是关于人口统计特征；第2至7列应确定所有成员，无论年龄大小。另一方面，第8至45项是一系列问题，将对所有5岁及以上的成员进行提问，以确定他们的劳动力市场和就业特征。
* 大多数问题都有预编码的答案。可能的答案及其相应的代码打印在页面的底部，以方便参考。只需在单元格中输入适当的代码。
* 然而，其他项目需要手写输入，例如第11列（主要活动）、第15和29列（主要和其他职业）等。对于此类项目，调查员必须描述主要活动或职业等。

问卷使用的是截至2001年1月的修订版，包括工资和薪金、新入职者、其他职业等。

数据清理
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数据处理涉及两个阶段：人工处理和机器处理。人工处理是指对问卷进行人工编辑和编码。这是在机器处理之前进行的，机器处理包括代码验证、一致性检查以及制表。枚举是一个非常复杂的操作，有时完成的问卷会有一些遗漏和不可信或不一致的条目。编辑的目的是纠正这些错误。为了操作方便，通常在野外进行编辑。调查员被要求在每次采访结束时审查条目。验证并填写适用于受访者的空白条目。在传送到地区办公室之前，所有问卷都在野外办公室进行编辑。

响应率
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响应率

在2007年1月的LFS中，共选择了45,497个家庭。在这总数中，42,928个被认为是有资格的家庭，其中94.8%或40,689个家庭做出了回应。

在各地区中，穆斯林 Mindanao 自治区（ARMM）的响应率最高，为97.2%。国家首都地区的响应率最低，为92.7%。

地区 响应率

菲律宾 94.8
国家首都地区 92.7
科迪勒拉行政区域 96.8
I - Ilocos地区 95.8
II - Cagayan Valley 95.6
III - Central LUzon 95.5
IVA - CALABARZON 94.3
IVB - MIMAROPA 93.6
V - Bicol地区 96.3
VI - Western Visayas 96.0
VII - Central Visayas 94.1
VIII - Eastern Visayas 94.7
IX - Zamboanga Peninsula 94.0
X - Northern Mindanao 93.4
XI - Davao地区 95.3
XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 94.9
XIII - Caraga 93.2
穆斯林 Mindanao 自治区 97.2

数据评估
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调查结果可在http://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2007/lf0701tx.html查看。