Job Creation in Ethiopia - Impact Evaluation Survey, 2016-2020 - Ethiopia

Abstract
---------------------------

We study the impact of a light-touch job facilitation intervention that supported young female jobseekers during the application process for factory work in a newly constructed industrial park in Ethiopia. Using data from a panel of 687 jobseekers and randomized access to the support intervention, we find that treated applicants are more likely to be employed and have higher earnings and savings 8 months after baseline, although these impacts are short-lived. Four years later, the effects on employment and income largely dissipated. Our results suggest that young women face significant barriers to engaging in factory work in the short run that a simple job facilitation intervention can help overcome. In the long term, however, these jobs do not offer a better alternative than other income-generating opportunities.

Geographic coverage
---------------------------

The project targeted geographically the outskirts of Addis Ababa, Bole Lemi Industrial Parks. More details under Sampling.

Analysis unit
---------------------------

Individuals

Kind of data
---------------------------

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
---------------------------

The impact evaluation estimates the impact of supporting and facilitating the job application process for young women seeking a production line position at three factories in the Bole Lemi Industrial Park in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia). These firms were all foreign-owned and produced finished garments for export. They also had large-scale hiring plans for the study duration. Each firm agreed to interview the applicants the research team randomized into the study sample. Given that all firms were only considering female applicants, the study sample comprises only women.

The research team advertised for the factory positions and directed interested applicants to a local sub-district (woreda) administration office for registration. The factory positions were advertised using various methods, including posting advertisements in public places, passing out flyers in high-traffic areas of the city, coordinating with youth associations and utilizing other forms of community mobilization. Unemployed individuals who have registered with their local woreda were also contacted directly by a professional HR consultant.

During the recruitment process, those individuals identified as potential candidates were told to bring their identification and qualification documents to the nearest screening center which was set up in several woreda offices across three sub-cities of Addis Ababa. These screening centers were staffed by trained enumerators every day of the working week from 9am-3pm.

During the scheduled opening hours, enumerators reviewed the documentation of the interested applicants who visited the screening centers and determined their eligibility for the advertised positions. Applicants with incomplete documentation, for example, those who did not have personal identification cards or those who did not meet any of the firms’ eligibility criteria (i.e. applicants fell outside the targeted age range or were unable to provide proof of the required education) were screened out from the study.

Eligible individuals received an invitation to interview with an Industrial Park firm and were provided transportation to the factory for the interview. All applicants who met the eligibility criteria and had proper documentation to prove their eligibility were selected into the sample and asked to stay for the baseline survey. Study participants were then randomized into treatment and control, with two-thirds of applicants in the treatment group and one-third in the control group using a public lottery method. Once randomized, the treatment applicants were assigned a specific firm to interview with. Following the interview, the firms decided whether to make a job offer to the applicants and initiate any hiring procedures for the individuals who they wanted to hire.

Mode of data collection
---------------------------

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
---------------------------

The baseline, midline and endline survey questionnaires are provided for download in English.
The questionnaire comprises the following modules:

Baseline
A – Female job seeker Module - Baseline
S1 - Identification and Consent
S2 – Demographics and Health
S3 – Human Capital
S4 – Household and Networks
S5 – Cash, Savings and Remittances
S6 – Women’s Status
S7 – Conscientiousness
S8 – Job Search and Perceptions
S9 – Work History
S10 – Wealth
S11 – Cognitive
S12 – Time and Risk
S13 – Domestic Violence
S14 – Income Risk
S15 – Conclusions

Midline
B – Female job seeker Module
S1 - Identification and Consent
S2 – Demographics and Health
S11 – Cognitive (Position 1)
S3 – Human Capital
S4 – Household and Networks
S5 – Cash, Savings and Remittances
S6 – Women’s Status
S8 – Job Search and Perceptions
S9 – Work History
S10 – Wealth
S12 – Time and Risk
S13 – Domestic Violence
S14 – Income Risk
S11 – Cognitive (Position 2)
S15 – Conclusions

Endline
C – Female job seeker Module
S1 - Identification and Consent
S2 – Demographics and Health
S11 – Cognitive (Position 1)
S3 – Human Capital
S4 – Household and Networks
S5 – Cash, Savings and Remittances
S6 – Women’s Status
S8 – Job Search and Perceptions
S9 – Work History
S10 – Wealth
S12 – Time and Risk
S13 – Domestic Violence
S14 – Income Risk
S11 – Cognitive (Position 2)
S15 – Conclusions

Notes on survey modules:

Sections numbering - Some baseline sections have been removed in midline and endline questionnaires. Thus, baseline and endline section numbering is not continuous. We have chosen to keep them in this order and not to number them so that the prefixes of the variable names (s1, s2, s3, s4, etc) correspond to the sections of the questionnaires.

Cognitive section – The baseline questionnaire includes one cognitive section while midline and endline questionnaires include two. The goal was to assess whether randomizing the position (or timing) of the cognitive skills questions would alter the quality of survey questions. Some people were asked these questions early in the survey and some others later on. The authors did not find significant variations between the two approaches.

摘要
---------------------------
本研究探讨了在埃塞俄比亚一座新建工业园区中，一项轻触式就业促进干预措施对年轻女性求职者申请工厂工作的应用过程的影响。通过分析687名求职者的面板数据，并结合对干预措施随机接入的研究，我们发现，接受干预的求职者在基线8个月后更有可能被雇佣，并获得更高的收入和储蓄，尽管这些影响是短暂的。四年后，对就业和收入的影响基本上已经消失。我们的研究结果表明，年轻女性在短期内参与工厂工作面临重大障碍，而简单的就业促进干预措施有助于克服这些障碍。然而，从长远来看，这些工作并不比其他创收机会提供更好的选择。
地理覆盖范围
---------------------------
本项目针对的是亚的斯亚贝巴市郊的博莱利米工业园区。更多详细信息请参阅抽样部分。
分析单元
---------------------------
个体

数据类型
---------------------------
样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
---------------------------
影响评估旨在估计支持并促进年轻女性在亚的斯亚贝巴（埃塞俄比亚）博莱利米工业园区内三家工厂申请生产线职位过程中的求职申请流程的影响。这些企业均为外资企业，生产成品服装出口。它们在研究期间也制定了大规模的招聘计划。每家企业在研究样本中随机分配给研究团队后，都同意对申请人进行面试。鉴于所有企业只考虑女性申请人，研究样本仅包括女性。
研究团队通过在公共场所张贴广告、在城市高流量区域派发传单、与青年协会协调以及其他形式的社区动员等方式，为工厂职位进行宣传，并将有兴趣的申请人引导至当地次级行政办公室进行注册。此外，直接由专业的人力资源顾问联系已在其当地次级行政办公室注册的失业者。
在招聘过程中，被认定为潜在候选人的个人被要求携带其身份和资格证明文件到最近的筛选中心，这些筛选中心设在亚的斯亚贝巴三个次城市的多个次级行政办公室内。这些筛选中心每周工作日的每天上午9点至下午3点都有经过培训的调查员。
在预定开放时间内，调查员审查了访问筛选中心的感兴趣申请人的文件，并确定其是否符合所宣传职位的资格。例如，文件不完整的申请人，如没有个人身份证或不符合任何企业资格标准（即申请人年龄不在目标范围内或无法提供所需的教育证明）的申请人，将被排除在研究之外。
符合资格的个人将收到与工业园区企业面试的邀请，并提供前往工厂进行面试的交通。所有符合资格并持有证明其资格的适当文件的申请人被选中进入样本，并被要求参加基线调查。然后，研究参与者被随机分配到处理组和对照组，其中处理组的三分之二和对照组的三分之一使用公开抽签方法。一旦随机分配，处理组的申请人将被分配到一个特定的企业进行面试。面试后，企业决定是否向申请人发出工作邀请并开始对希望雇佣的个人进行任何招聘程序。
数据收集方式
---------------------------
面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
---------------------------
基线、中线和终线调查问卷以英文提供下载。
问卷包括以下模块：
基线
A – 女性求职者模块 - 基线
S1 - 识别和同意
S2 – 人口统计和健康
S3 – 人力资本
S4 – 家庭和网络
S5 – 现金、储蓄和汇款
S6 – 妇女地位
S7 – 严谨性
S8 – 求职和认知
S9 – 工作历史
S10 – 财富
S11 – 认知
S12 – 时间和风险
S13 – 家庭暴力
S14 – 收入风险
S15 – 结论

中点
B – 女性求职者模块
S1 - 识别和同意
S2 – 人口统计和健康
S11 – 认知（位置1）
S3 – 人力资本
S4 – 家庭和网络
S5 – 现金、储蓄和汇款
S6 – 妇女地位
S8 – 求职和认知
S9 – 工作历史
S10 – 财富
S12 – 时间和风险
S13 – 家庭暴力
S14 – 收入风险
S11 – 认知（位置2）
S15 – 结论

终线
C – 女性求职者模块
S1 - 识别和同意
S2 – 人口统计和健康
S11 – 认知（位置1）
S3 – 人力资本
S4 – 家庭和网络
S5 – 现金、储蓄和汇款
S6 – 妇女地位
S8 – 求职和认知
S9 – 工作历史
S10 – 财富
S12 – 时间和风险
S13 – 家庭暴力
S14 – 收入风险
S11 – 认知（位置2）
S15 – 结论

调查模块说明：
章节编号 - 中线和终线问卷中已删除一些基线章节。因此，基线和终线章节编号不连续。我们选择保持这种顺序，并且不对它们进行编号，以便变量名称的前缀（s1、s2、s3、s4等）与问卷的章节相对应。
认知部分 – 基线问卷包括一个认知部分，而中线和终线问卷包括两个。目的是评估随机化认知技能问题（或时间）的位置是否会改变调查问题的质量。一些人被要求在调查早期提出这些问题，而其他人则在较晚的时候。作者没有发现两种方法之间存在显著差异。