Potential interventions for each type of stigma.

In India, persons with tuberculosis (PWTB) and their households experience significant disease-related stigma. The objective of this narrative review was to conduct a review of existing literature related to the types of stigma experienced by PWTB and their household members, with a focus on the effects of stigma, possible interventions, and gender differences. A literature search was conducted on PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science using key search terms. We found that tuberculosis (TB)-related stigma has negative effects on emotional and mental health, relationships, and treatment adherence. Women experience a higher burden of TB stigma compared to men. Moreover, TB stigma can affect mental well-being and lead directly to reductions in the number of PTWB seeking treatment, treatment adherence, and treatment completion. All these factors can lead to negative health outcomes for the PWTB, higher costs to the government, and even the spread of the infectious disease to other members of the community. The consequences of TB-related stigma require additional attention.