17β-Hydroxywithanolides as Sensitizers of Renal Carcinoma Cells to Tumor Necrosis Factor‑α Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) Mediated Apoptosis: Structure–Activity Relationships

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a cancer with poor prognosis, and the 5-year survival rate of patients with metastatic RCC is 5–10%. Consequently, treatment of metastatic RCC represents an unmet clinical need. Screening of a 50 000-member library of natural and synthetic compounds for sensitizers of RCC cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis led to identification of the 17β-hydroxywithanolide (17-BHW), withanolide E (1), as a promising lead. To explore structure–activity relationships, we obtained natural and semisynthetic withanolides 1, 2a, 2c, and 3–36 and compared their ability to sensitize TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in a panel of renal carcinoma cells. Our findings revealed that 17-BHWs with a α-oriented side chain are superior to known TRAIL-sensitizing withanolides belonging to withaferin A class with a β-oriented side chain and demonstrated that the 17-BHW scaffold can be modified to enhance sensitization of RCCs to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, thereby assisting development of natural-product-inspired drugs to treat metastatic RCC.