CO₂ and related biogeochemical data from permafrost rivers on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (2016–2018, 2023)

This dataset includes four years of direct measurements from 50 permafrost rivers in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau’s major Asian headwaters (Yellow, Yangtze, Lancang, Nu, Derung, Yarlung Tsangpo, Marja Tsangpo, and Indus Rivers), collected during the ice-free seasons (April–October) of 2016–2018 and 2023. It includes CO₂ partial pressure (pCO₂) and emission rates, concentrations of DOC, DIC, and major dissolved ions, carbon (δ¹³C), sulfur (δ³⁴S), and oxygen (δ¹⁸O) isotopes, alongside site location and other physiochemical data. Given its scarcity and scientific significance, this dataset will greatly support updates to global river CO2 flux estimates.