Baseline characteristics of both the emergency department and intensive care population (n = 240). Statistical analysis includes both parametric and non-parametric tests: one-way ANOVA or t-test for normally distributed data, and Kruskal-Wallis test or Mann-Whitney U test for non-normally distributed data. Post hoc comparisons were conducted using the Dunn test (for Kruskal-Wallis) and Tukey test with Bonferroni adjustment (for ANOVA), when applicable. Normality was assessed using the Anderson-Darling test. Data are presented as mean (SD), n (%), or median [IQR]. Cardiovascular Disease (CVD); Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD).

Baseline characteristics of both the emergency department and intensive care population (n = 240). Statistical analysis includes both parametric and non-parametric tests: one-way ANOVA or t-test for normally distributed data, and Kruskal-Wallis test or Mann-Whitney U test for non-normally distributed data. Post hoc comparisons were conducted using the Dunn test (for Kruskal-Wallis) and Tukey test with Bonferroni adjustment (for ANOVA), when applicable. Normality was assessed using the Anderson-Darling test. Data are presented as mean (SD), n (%), or median [IQR]. Cardiovascular Disease (CVD); Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD).