Moving primes, moving targets, moving flankers - positive effects with short SOA, negative effects with long SOA

We conducted 7 experiments. Basically, they were response priming experiments with moving primes (motion direction: leftwards, rightwards, neutral [to the center or the boarders of the screen]). The primes consisted of rows of dots shifted leftwards or rightwards (see Bermeitinger, 2013, Psychological Research). The target has to be classified (leftwards or rightwards). Response priming was combined with a flanker arrangement. Hypothesis: positive compatibility effects (PCE) with the shorter stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) and negative compatibility effects (NCE) with the longer SOA. (SOA was varied between subjects.)

Experiment 1: The prime display contained a single row-of-dots presented at the center of the screen for 147 or 360 ms, thereafter, a blank screen for 213 or 0 ms appeared, respectively. Then, the target was presented. The target display contained a static arrow pointing leftwards or rightwards.

Experiment 2A: The prime display contained two rows-of-dots presented above and below the center of the screen (either for 147 or 360 ms). The target display contained a static arrow pointing leftwards or rightwards. There was no blank between prime and target display.

Experiment 2B: As Exp. 2A, additionally: the prime rows-of-dots continued (as flankers) during the arrow presentation. There was no blank between prime and target display.

Experiment 3: As Exp. 1, except: 1.) There was no blank between prime and target display. 2. The target display contained another row-of-dots (in grey instead of black) moving leftwards or rightwards.

Experiment 4A: As Exp. 3, except: 1.) Prime display as in Exp. 2A. 2.) Target display as in Exp. 3 but in black.

Experiment 4B: As Exp. 4A, except: The rows-of-dots from the prime display continued (as flankers) during the arrow presentation.

Experiment 4C: As Exp. 4B, except: The target row-of-dots was grey instead of black.

Results:
Compatible trials = primes and targets move/point in the same direction; incompatible trials: primes and targets move/point in opposite directions;
Compatibility effect = response time in incompatible trials - response time in compatible trials.
Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA) = time from the beginning of the prime display to the beginning of the target display

Experiment 1: PCE for short SOA (147 ms); NCE for long SOA (360 ms)
Experiment 2A: PCE for short SOA (147 ms); not significant but numerically NCE for long SOA (360 ms)
Experiment 2B: PCE for short SOA (147 ms); NCE for long SOA (360 ms)
Experiment 3: PCE for short SOA (147 ms); NCE for long SOA (360 ms)
Experiment 4A: PCE for short SOA (147 ms); NCE for long SOA (360 ms)
Experiment 4B: PCE for short SOA (147 ms); NCE for long SOA (360 ms)
Experiemnt 4C: PCE for short SOA (147 ms); not significant but numerically NCE for long SOA (360 ms)

Positive as well as negative effects were larger with moving compared to static targets, and negative effects were larger with primes compared to flankers.

本研究共进行了七次实验。本质上，这些实验均为基于动态前导的反应启动实验（前导运动方向：向左、向右、中性[指向屏幕中心或边缘]）。前导由一系列向左或向右偏移的点组成（参见 Bermeitinger，2013，心理研究）。目标需进行分类（向左或向右）。反应启动与前导者安排相结合。假设：在较短刺激 onset asynchrony (SOA) 下存在正向兼容效应（PCE），在较长 SOA 下存在负向兼容效应（NCE）。(SOA 在受试者间有所变化。)

实验 1：前导显示包含一行点，以 147 或 360 毫秒的时间呈现在屏幕中央，随后，分别出现 213 或 0 毫秒的空白屏幕。然后，呈现目标。目标显示包含一个指向左或右的静态箭头。

实验 2A：前导显示包含两行点，分别位于屏幕中心上方和下方（均为 147 或 360 毫秒）。目标显示包含一个指向左或右的静态箭头。前导显示与目标显示之间没有空白。

实验 2B：与实验 2A 相同，此外：前导点行（作为侧翼）在箭头呈现期间继续。前导显示与目标显示之间没有空白。

实验 3：与实验 1 相同，除了：1.) 前导与目标之间没有空白。2. 目标显示包含另一行点（以灰色而非黑色），移动方向为左或右。

实验 4A：与实验 3 相同，除了：1.) 前导显示与实验 2A 相同。2.) 目标显示与实验 3 相同，但为黑色。

实验 4B：与实验 4A 相同，除了：前导显示的点行（作为侧翼）在箭头呈现期间继续。

实验 4C：与实验 4B 相同，除了：目标点行为灰色而非黑色。

结果：

兼容试验 = 前导和目标运动/指向同一方向；不兼容试验：前导和目标运动/指向相反方向；
兼容效应 = 不兼容试验中的反应时间减去兼容试验中的反应时间。
刺激 onset asynchrony (SOA) = 前导显示开始至目标显示开始的时间

实验 1：短 SOA（147 毫秒）下的 PCE；长 SOA（360 毫秒）下的 NCE
实验 2A：短 SOA（147 毫秒）下的 PCE；长 SOA（360 毫秒）下虽不显著但数值上存在 NCE
实验 2B：短 SOA（147 毫秒）下的 PCE；长 SOA（360 毫秒）下的 NCE
实验 3：短 SOA（147 毫秒）下的 PCE；长 SOA（360 毫秒）下的 NCE
实验 4A：短 SOA（147 毫秒）下的 PCE；长 SOA（360 毫秒）下的 NCE
实验 4B：短 SOA（147 毫秒）下的 PCE；长 SOA（360 毫秒）下的 NCE
实验 4C：短 SOA（147 毫秒）下的 PCE；长 SOA（360 毫秒）下虽不显著但数值上存在 NCE

与静态目标相比，动态目标产生的正向和负向效应均更大，而与侧翼相比，前导产生的负向效应更大。