Portuguese-PD

# 🇵🇹 Portuguese Public Domain 🇵🇹

**Portuguese-Public Domain** or **Portuguese-PD** is a large collection aiming to aggregate all Portuguese monographies and periodicals in the public domain. As of March 2024, it is the biggest Portuguese open corpus.

## Dataset summary
The collection contains 7,840 individual titles making up 672,197,538 words recovered from multiple sources, including Internet Archive and various European national libraries and cultural heritage institutions. Each parquet file has the full text of 2,000 books selected at random.

## Curation method
The composition of the dataset adheres to the criteria for public domain works in the EU and, consequently, all Berne-countries for EU authors: any publication whose author is dead for more than 70 years. Additionally, the initial consolidation of public domain status for cultural heritage operates in the EU under the 2019 Copyright Directive (art. 14).

As of March 2024, to limit rights verification, we have retained exclusively titles published prior to 1884.

The corpus will be expanded at a later stage to encompass late 19th century and early 20th century publications, after checking for public domain validity.

## Uses
The collection aims to expand the availability of open works for the training of Large Language Models. The text can be used for model training and republished without restriction for reproducibility purposes.

The rationales for creation of this collection are multifold:

* **Scientific**: We observe that the closure of training corpora represents a major barrier to AI research. Large language models face a real crisis of reproducibility.
* **Legal**: With the adoption of the AI Act with its obligations in terms of copyright law compliance for the pretraining corpora, the European AI ecosystem will have to change its provenance practices.
* **Cultural**: The linguistic diversity of the European Union is currently underrepresented. Unlike web archives, open, heritage, administrative, or scientific texts are often of high quality: they are long, multilingual, and editorialized publications.
* **Economical**: Today, value capture is concentrated on players whose financial resources are already considerable, allowing them to collect or purchase data at a high price. Making a royalty-free corpus available to as many people as possible frees innovation in uses and minimizes economic dependencies on dominant actors.

## License
The entire collection is in the public domain in all regions. This means that the patrimonial rights of each individual or collective right holders have expired.

There has been a debate for years in Europe over the definition of public domain and the possibility to restrict its use. Since 2019, the EU Copyright Directive states that "Member States shall provide that, when the term of protection of a work of visual art has expired, any material resulting from an act of reproduction of that work is not subject to copyright or related rights, unless the material resulting from that act of reproduction is original in the sense that it is the author's own intellectual creation." (art. 14)

## Future work
This dataset is not a one-time work but will continue to evolve significantly in three directions:

* Expansion of the dataset to the late 19th and early 20th century works and its further enhancement with currently unexploited collections coming from European patrimonial data repositories.
* Correction of computer generated errors in the text. All the texts have been transcribed automatically through the use of Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The original files have been digitized over a long time period (since the mid-2000s) and some documents should be. Future versions will strive either to re-OCRize the original text or use experimental LLM models for partial OCR correction.
* Enhancement of the structure/editorial presentation of the original text. Some parts of the original documents are likely unwanted for large scale analysis or model training (header, page count…). Additionally, some advanced document structures like tables or multi-column layout are unlikely to be well-formatted.

## Acknowledgements
The corpus was stored and processed with the generous support of Scaleway. It was built up with the support and concerted efforts of the state start-up LANGU:IA (start-up d’Etat), supported by the French Ministry of Culture and DINUM, as part of the prefiguration of the service offering of the Alliance for Language technologies EDIC (ALT-EDIC).

Corpus collection has been largely facilitated thanks to the open science LLM community insights, cooperation and support (Occiglot, Eleuther AI, OpenLLM France, Allen AI).

<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="https://github.com/mch-dd/datasetlogo/blob/main/scaleway.jpeg?raw=true" style="width: 33%; margin: 0 auto; display: inline-block;"/>
<img src="https://github.com/mch-dd/datasetlogo/blob/main/ministere.png?raw=true" style="width: 33%; margin: 0 auto; display: inline-block;"/>
<img src="https://github.com/mch-dd/datasetlogo/blob/main/occiglot.jpg?raw=true" style="width: 33%; margin: 0 auto; display: inline-block;"/>
</div>

# 🇵🇹 葡萄牙语公有领域数据集 🇵🇹

**葡萄牙语公有领域数据集（Portuguese-Public Domain，简称Portuguese-PD）**是一个大型聚合项目，旨在收录所有处于公有领域（public domain）的葡萄牙语专著与期刊。截至2024年3月，它已是规模最大的葡萄牙语开放语料库。

## 数据集概览
本数据集共收录7840部独立作品，总字数达672,197,538词，数据来源包括互联网档案馆（Internet Archive）以及多家欧洲国家图书馆与文化遗产机构。每个Parquet文件随机收录2000部图书的完整文本。

## 数据遴选方法
本数据集的组成遵循欧盟以及伯尔尼联盟成员国中欧盟作者作品的公有领域判定标准：即作者逝世超过70年的出版物。此外，欧盟范围内公有领域身份的初步认定依据2019年版权指令第14条执行。截至2024年3月，为简化权利核验流程，本次收录的所有作品均出版于1884年之前。后续将在验证公有领域合法性后，扩展收录19世纪末至20世纪初的出版物。

## 数据集用途
本数据集旨在拓展开放作品的可用性，以供大语言模型（Large Language Model，简称LLM）训练使用。文本可无限制地用于模型训练与再发布，以保障研究可复现性。创建本数据集的多重动因如下：
* **学术层面**：当前训练语料库的闭源化已成为人工智能研究的主要障碍之一，大语言模型正面临切实的可复现性危机。
* **法律层面**：随着《人工智能法案》的通过，预训练语料库需符合版权合规要求，欧洲人工智能生态将不得不调整数据源获取实践。
* **文化层面**：欧盟的语言多样性目前在语料库中代表性不足。与网页档案不同，开放的遗产、行政或学术文本往往具备更高质量：它们篇幅较长、多语言且经过编辑加工。
* **经济层面**：当前数据的价值捕获集中于少数财力雄厚的巨头企业，这些企业能够以高昂成本收集或采购数据。向尽可能多的群体提供免版税语料库，能够解放相关应用的创新空间，并降低对头部企业的经济依赖。

## 授权协议
本数据集全部内容在全球范围内均处于公有领域，即所有个人或集体权利人的财产性权利均已过期。欧洲多年来围绕公有领域的定义以及限制其使用的可能性存在争议。自2019年起，欧盟版权指令明确规定："成员国应规定，当视觉艺术作品的保护期届满后，对该作品进行复制行为所产生的材料不受版权或相关权利约束，除非该复制材料具备作者独立智力创作的原创性。"（第14条）

## 后续规划
本数据集并非一次性项目，将从三个方向持续迭代优化：
* 扩展数据集收录范围至19世纪末至20世纪初的作品，并引入欧洲遗产数据仓库中尚未被利用的馆藏资源进一步丰富语料。
* 修正文本中的计算机生成错误。所有文本均通过光学字符识别（Optical Character Recognition，简称OCR）软件自动转录而来。原始文件的数字化工作已持续多年（自2000年代中期起），部分文档存在转录瑕疵。后续版本将要么重新对原始文件进行光学字符识别，要么通过实验性大语言模型对转录结果进行部分修正。
* 优化原始文本的结构与编辑呈现形式。部分原始文档中的冗余内容（如页眉、页码等）可能不适合大规模分析或模型训练。此外，部分复杂文档结构如表格或多栏布局往往无法实现良好的格式适配。

## 致谢
本语料库的存储与处理工作得到了Scaleway的慷慨支持。数据集的构建得到了国家初创企业LANGU:IA（法国国家初创企业）的协助与协同努力，该企业由法国文化部与DINUM支持，隶属于语言技术联盟（Alliance for Language technologies EDIC，简称ALT-EDIC）的服务预规划项目。
语料库的收集工作在很大程度上得益于开放科学大语言模型社区的见解、合作与支持（包括Occiglot、Eleuther AI、OpenLLM France、Allen AI）。

<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="https://github.com/mch-dd/datasetlogo/blob/main/scaleway.jpeg?raw=true" style="width: 33%; margin: 0 auto; display: inline-block;"/>
<img src="https://github.com/mch-dd/datasetlogo/blob/main/ministere.png?raw=true" style="width: 33%; margin: 0 auto; display: inline-block;"/>
<img src="https://github.com/mch-dd/datasetlogo/blob/main/occiglot.jpg?raw=true" style="width: 33%; margin: 0 auto; display: inline-block;"/>
</div>