Long-term Spatial Estimates of Wet Deposition of Sulfate, Nitrate, and Ammonium over North America, Europe, and East Asia

A U-Net Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was developed to estimate the wet deposition of three inorganic species, namely sulfate (SO42-), nitrate (NO3-), and ammonium (NH4+) across North America, Europe, and East Asia from 2001 to 2019. The 10-fold cross-validation results show that the monthly R2 values for these species range from 0.73 to 0.80, and the annual R2 values range from 0.83 to 0.89. The monthly wet deposition dataset of SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+ is publicly available and can support relevant research in sustainability.